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Immensee (film)
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Wikipedia article
' (Immensee: A German Folksong) is a German film melodrama of the Nazi era, directed in 1943 by Veit Harlan and loosely based on the popular novella 'Immensee' (1849) by Theodor Storm. It was a commercial success and, with its theme of a woman remaining faithful to her husband, was important in raising the morale of German forces; it remained popular after World War II.
Plot
Elisabeth (Kristina Sderbaum) falls in love with Reinhardt (Carl Raddatz), but he leaves their native village to study music, travel the world and build his career as a composer. His most important compositions are inspired by his love for her, 'Twelve Songs of Elisabeth' and 'Seerosen' (water lilies, the couple's special flower), but after she visits him on the day of his final examination at the conservatoire and finds a strange woman asleep in his bed, Elisabeth marries Erich (Paul Klinger), the wealthy heir to the estate of Immensee. Reinhardt returns to win her back, and Erich releases her, telling her that all that he wants is for her to be happy. This causes Elisabeth to realise what love really means and she tells Erich for the first time that she loves him, and remains with him. In the frame story, many years have passed, Erich is dead and Elisabeth and Reinhardt, who is now a renowned composer, meet for tea at his hotel after a performance of his 'Seerosen'; at the end of the film, she tells him she will remain true to Erich and to Immensee, and he leaves for the last time.Jo Fox, 'Filming Women in the Third Reich', Oxford/New York: Berg, 2000, , pp. 57, 58, 64.David Stewart Hull, 'Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 19331945', Berkeley, California: University of California, 1969, , pp. 216–17.
The film is loosely based on Theodor Storm's novella of the same title.Cinzia Romani, tr. Robert Connolly, 'Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich', New York: Sarpedon, 1992, repr. Rome: Gremese, 2001, , p. 87. The scene where Elisabeth finds a woman in Reinhardt's bed had been omitted from the novella on the advice of friends of the author, and two thirds of the novella takes place in Elisabeth and Reinhardt's childhood; instead of using child actors, Harlan chose to cut these scenes and artificially age the two lovers for different stages of their lives (from about 18 to 45 for Elisabeth). Both Sderbaum and Raddatz were 31 at the time of filming.Richard J. Rundell, "Literary Nazis? Adapting Nineteenth-Century German Novellas for the Screen: 'Der Schimmelreiter', 'Kleider machen Leute', and 'Immensee'", in Robert C. Reimer, ed., 'Cultural History through a National Socialist Lens: Essays on the Cinema of the Third Reich', Studies in German literature, linguistics and culture, Rochester, New York / Woodbridge, Suffolk: Camden House/Boydell and Brewer, 2000, repr. 2002, , pp.176–96, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=absence%20of%20Elisabeth%20and%20Reinhard%20as%20children&f=false pp. 191–92]. Despite being subtitled 'Ein deutsches Volkslied' (a German folksong), the film also omits a conversation about folksongs which is important in the novella, in which Erich is dismissive but Reinhardt expounds a German Romanticist view entirely in accord with National Socialism, that "[Folksongs are] not made at all; they grow, they fall out of the sky" and refers to a melody sung by a shepherd as 'Urtne' (ancient tones) which "sleep on forest floors; God knows who found them."Rundell, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=shared%20fascination%20with%20folkloristic%20elements&f=false 193]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=ancient%20tones&f=false 94].
Themes
The character of Elisabeth is presented as a model of "German fidelity" and the sanctity of marriage,Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=Klaus+Jebens+Immensee+S%C3%B6derbaum&source=bl&ots=dREF593eC6&sig=-kUrYRPSq-YYD-l8j0g9o3XJENA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AL-JT-G8IOKqiQLO19G6Cw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Klaus%20Jebens%20Immensee%20S%C3%B6derbaum&f=false p. 58]. and also of sacrifice, as often in Nazi images of women.Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=key%20themes%20of%20loyalty%20and%20sacrifice&f=false p. 64]. As a secondary thematic focus common in many Nazi films, the film contrasts country life and rootedness with internationality and urban sophistication, to the detriment of the latter. The summarised: "[Elisabeth] stays at home, deeply rooted and always strong in the homely countryside, which her whole heart is attached to"; Reinhardt is pulled away by "music and the world."Quoted in Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=homely%20countryside&f=false p. 59]. After Elisabeth finds a girl in Reinhardt's bed, his landlady explains, "These are artists. . . they are more liberal in these matters."Antje Ascheid, 'Hitler's Heroines: Stardom and Womanhood in Nazi Cinema', Culture and the moving image, Philadelphia: Temple University, 2003, , p. 82. After an affair with an opera singer in Rome, Reinhardt realises that he really loves Elisabeth—who in this instance represents his homeland, Germany.Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=representative%20of%20the%20homeland%20and%20Germany&f=false p. 61]. Conversely Erich represents the homeland for Elisabeth.Ascheid, p. 84. At one point Elisabeth is shown swimming naked in the lake, portraying healthy outdoor life.
Production
'Immensee' was shot primarily in Holstein, on alternating days with 'Opfergang', to save money on colour production; Harlan's previous film, 'Die goldene Stadt', had been very expensive. Originally he proposed to shoot three films simultaneously using the same principals and mostly the same locations and sets, but the third, 'Pole Poppenspler', another novella by Storm, was dropped. Additional exteriors were shot in Rome.Rundell, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Harlan%20now%20suggested%20a%20three-film%20package&f=false 188]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Italy%20and%20shot%20some%20Immensee%20exteriors%20there&f=false 89]. Joseph Goebbels was so pleased with 'Die goldene Stadt' that he did not interfere with the production of 'Immensee', and Harlan wrote in 1974: "Of all the films that I made during the war, this was the only one which remained true to the original scenarios and was distributed just as I had foreseen."Hull, p. 216.Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=just%20as%20I%20had%20foreseen&f=false p. 65]. He said that he filmed the novella "to reflect his love for his wife", Sderbaum; she and Raddatz, who played Reinhardt in 'Immensee' and Albrecht in 'Opfergang', believed that both films were successful with the public because of the genuine chemistry between them. Sderbaum received for her work on the film, three times as much as Raddatz.Rundell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=three%20times%20as%20much%20as%20her%20co-star%20Raddatz&f=false p. 194].
Reception
'Immensee' was highly successful, making a profit of on an investment of ; it made in its first month and with a longer run, would likely have overtaken 'Die goldene Stadt' as the all-time leading moneymaker among German films.[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-29191895.html "Bei der Ufa machte man das so ..."], 'Der Spiegel', 17 January 1951 . It was seen by more than 8 million people within the original borders of the Reich. At a time when German forces were greatly concerned about the fidelity of their womenfolk left at home, the film was "one of the most important cinematic contributions to front-line morale".Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=front-line%20morale&f=false p. 57]. As part of the front and home-front morale effort, it was specially distributed to locations where there was no cinema. Sderbaum received many letters from men at the front; she said in a 1993 interview: "The soldiers were homesick at the front. And the girl I played was an ideal for them. She loved her husband and was faithful to him. I still get letters today."Fox, pp. 57–58, quoting from Hans-Christoph Blumenberg, 'Die Reise nach Schweden. Kristina Sderbaum. Portrt einer Schauspielerin', Interview, Zdf/Sat, 1993.Also in her memoirs, 'Nichts bleibt immer so: Rckblenden auf ein Leben vor und hinter der Kamera'; Mary-Elizabeth O'Brien, 'Nazi Cinema as Enchantment: The Politics of Entertainment in the Third Reich', Studies in German literature, linguistics, and culture, Rochester, New York / Woodbridge, Suffolk: Camden House/Boydell & Brewer, 2004, , p. 167 and note 27, p. 197. Klaus Jebens, who had been a young soldier in 1943, remembered the film so fondly that in 1975 he bought the estate on Lake Pln where shooting had taken place, and was still living there twenty years later.[http://www.zeit.de/1993/20/der-menschen-hoerigkeit "Fernseh-Vorschau: Der Menschen Hrigkeit"], 'Die Zeit' Culture, 14 May 1993 : "Blumenberg hat . . . sogar den seltsamen Erfinder und Sderbaum Verehrer Klaus Jebens auf seinem 'Immensee' Hof am Plner See besucht." - "Blumenberg . . . even visited the strange inventor and Sderbaum admirer, Klaus Jebens, at his estate on Lake Pln." In 1993 he said: "It was very depressing. It was wartime. The whole world was . . . destroyed and then we saw this film with this unfulfilled love."Fox, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tuXZVHh4BFgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fox,+Filming+Women&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5zKPT7vvLYuNigKF9MTjAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=this%20film%20with%20this%20unfulfilled%20love&f=false p. 65], quoting the Blumenberg interview.
In an assessment of Sderbaum's career following her death, a reviewer judged 'Immensee' to be probably her finest work, providing "the indispensable grain of believability and grounding" for Harlan's "excessive filmic phantasies" and the unmoving centre holding the film together against the "centrifugal forces" set up by the externalisation of the novella's internal narrative, with the Roman scenes and their "explicitly stated association between Italian architecture and German music" pulling the focus away from the Holstein setting.Doris Neujahr, [http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv01/091yy30.htm "Dieser Zug zur Rebellion: Mit dem Tod der Schauspielerin Kristina Sderbaum endet ein Kapitel deutscher Filmgeschichte"], 'Junge Freiheit', 23 February 2001 Postwar assessments of the film itself have been mixed. Louis Marcorelles saw it as "a film of peace and love . . . convey[ing] a strong feeling for nature and a fervent idyllic mood";Louis Marcorelles, "The Nazi Cinema (1933–1945)", 'Sight and Sound' 25 (Autumn 1955) 65–69, p. 68, quoted in Hull, p. 216 and Rundell, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=a%20film%20of%20peace%20and%20love&f=false 189]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=fervent%20idyllic%20mood&f=false 90]. David Stewart Hull, in his 1969 survey of 'Film in the Third Reich', said it was "still successful. It has been frequently revived and its original power remains undiminished."Hull, p. 217. In 1989 Norbert Grob, calling for a re-evaluation of the director's legacy, referred to it as one of eight "melodramatic masterpieces" by Harlan that merit study as cinematic texts.Norbert Grob, "Veit Harlan", in Hans-Michael Bock (ed.), 'CineGraph. Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film', Installment 15, Munich: edition text + kritik, 1989, p. E4, cited in Eric Rentschler, 'The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife', Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1996, , pp. 167–68. However, Christa Bandmann and Joe Hembus, in their 1980 survey of "classics of German sound film", find in it "plodding sentimentality" and sum up the message as: "At this time—it's 1943—a German woman waits, is true to her husband, and does without."Christa Bandmann and Joe Hembus, 'Klassiker des deutschen Tonfilms 1930–1960', Munich: Goldmann, 1980, , p. 217, quoted in Rundell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=waits%2C%20is%20true%20to%20her%20husband%2C%20and%20does%20without&f=false p. 191]. Richard J. Rundell writes of "weepy sentimentality" and says that "the saccharine tone is made far worse by Wolfgang Zeller's bombastic musical score."Rundell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf0FW0fjLNQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reimer,+Cultural+History+through+a+National+Socialist+Lens&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BDePT7-gOcqWiQLc-5iTAw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=weepy%20sentimentality&f=false p. 191]. Antje Ascheid finds Elisabeth "an unremarkable and dull character" and sums up the film as "[speaking] to contemporary audiences by reflecting a mood of resignation and depression", its "ideological fatalism" an increasingly common response in Nazi culture to the worsening wartime situation.Ascheid, pp. 80, 86.
Awards
* (Propaganda Ministry award of distinction): Artistic Value ('knstlerisch wertvoll')
* : National Value ('volkstmlich wertvoll')
* : Cultural Value ('kulturell wertvoll')David Welch, 'Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945', Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University, 1983, , p. 325.
References
Further reading
* Berlin: Schmidt, 1999. . pp. 247–69.
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