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That Hamilton Woman
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Wikipedia article
'That Hamilton Woman', also known as 'Lady Hamilton', is a 1941 black-and-white historical film drama, produced and directed by Alexander Korda for his British company during his exile in the United States.McFarlane 2003, p. 370. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, the film tells the story of the rise and fall of Emma Hamilton, dance-hall girl and courtesan, who married Sir William Hamilton, British ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples.Fraser 1987, p. 163. She later became mistress to Admiral Horatio Nelson.Bean, Kendra. [http://www.vivandlarry.com/classic-film/british-cinema-history-that-hamilton-woman/ "British Cinema History: That Hamilton Woman."] 'VivAndLarry.com', February 16, 2011.
The film was a critical and financial success, and while on the surface the plot is both a war story and a romance set in Napoleonic times, it was also intended to function as a deliberately pro-British film that would portray Britain positively within the context of World War II which was being fought at that time. At the time the film was released France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Denmark had all surrendered to the Nazis and the Soviet Union was still officially allied to them, correspondingly the British were fighting against the Nazis alone and felt the need to produce films that would both boost their own morale, and also portray them sympathetically to the foreign world, and in particular, to the United States.The Moguls and the Dictators: Hollywood and the Coming of World War II By David Welky, Associate Professor David Welky, PH.D. pg. 275
Plot
The story begins with an aging, alcoholic Lady Emma Hamilton being clapped into debtor's prison in the slums of Calais. In a husky, despairing, whiskey-soaked voice, Hamilton narrates the story of her life to her skeptical fellow prisoners. In one of the early scenes that launches the flashback, Emma, well past her prime, looks into a mirror and remembers "the face I knew before," the face of the young, lovely girl who captured the imagination of artistsmost notably George Romney and Joshua Reynolds.
Emma Hart's early life as the mistress of the charming but unreliable Charles Francis Greville leads to her meeting with his wealthy uncle Sir William Hamilton, the British ambassador to Naples. and Laurence Olivier |leftGreville gives Emma to Sir William in exchange for relief on his debts. At first, Emma is crushed by this turn of events. Gradually, however, she comes to appreciate her luxurious surroundings and her glamorous new life. She also grows to respect Sir William, who marries her and explains the reasons for Britain's war against Napoleon. When Horatio Nelson arrives in Naples, Emma is soon deeply attracted to him and is impressed by his passionate insistence upon resisting Napoleon's wars of conquest. She leaves Sir William to live with Nelson, who is also married. Their idyllic life together is threatened by the continuing war and their infidelity to their spouses. The Admiralty contacts Lord Hamilton and he very graciously explains to Emma that they (not he) orders her to go to Cairo and Nelson is to return to Britain. She informs Nelson and they have a passionate farewell. However, both end up in England. When Emma meets Lady Nelson, she is less forgiving than Lord Hamilton.
Following Nelson's maiden speech at the House of Lords, the crowds spot both women and gossip starts as to which he will go to first afterwards. It is here that they say "There is that Hamilton woman". Nelson chooses his wife, but Emma faints, and Lady Nelson ushers the carriage away. Against the pleas of his father, a clergyman of the Church of England, Lord Nelson separates from an enraged Lady Nelson, who vows she will never give him a divorce.
Emma bears Nelson's child, but Nelson is called back to sea. Meanwhile, Lord Hamilton dies and Emma is left impoverished. When Nelson finds out, he is enraged and buys her a country house, where they live together.
Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French and the war restarts. Nelson leaves to confront he French Navy off the coast of Spain. The fleet sing "Heart of Oak" as Nelson raises the signal "England expects that every man will do his duty". Captain Hardy warns Nelson that wearing Admiral's insignia could attract snipers, which Nelson laughs off.
The Battle of Trafalgar begins: a huge and ferocious battle between the opposing fleets. Nelson is shot through the spine by a sniper and taken below deck. "Poor Emma, what will become of her?" he muses. Outside, Admiral Villeneuve's flagship surrenders and the fighting continues despite 14 enemy ships destroyed or captured. Nelson orders them to continue until 20 are lost. After 18, he says, "We have a great victory" and dies.
In England, Hardy goes to Emma and describes the battle, but starts weeping and reveals Nelson's death. Considering her life over, Emma spirals down into poverty and alcoholism.
Production
Shot in the United States during September and October 1940,[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/92696/That-Hamilton-Woman/original-print-info.html "Original print information: 'That Hamilton Woman' (1941)."] 'Turner Classic Movies'. Retrieved: February 1, 2015. 'That Hamilton Woman' defines Britain's struggle against Napoleon in terms of resistance to a dictator who seeks to dominate the world.Haskell, Molly. [http://www.criterion.com/films/3559-that-hamilton-woman "Essay: 'That Hamilton Woman: An Alexander Korda Film'."] 'The Criterion Collection', 2009. Retrieved: February 2, 2015. The film was intended to parallel the current situation in Europe and was intended as propaganda at a time before the attack on Pearl Harbor when the United States was still formally neutral.Moat, Janet. [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/438903/ "'That Hamilton Woman' (1941)."] 'BFI screenonline'. Retrieved: February 1, 2015. Korda's brother Vincent designed the sets, creating Sir William Hamilton's palatial home that looked out over the sea of Naples, as well as the interiors of Merton Place: the home Emma and Nelson shared when they returned to England. On a tight budget, Korda completed filming in only five weeks, working from an original screenplay by Walter Reisch and R.C. Sherriff. Originally intended to be entitled 'The Enchantress', the film was first released in Britain as 'Lady Hamilton'.
Stars Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier were newlyweds at the time of filming and were considered a "dream couple." The film's tagline was: 'The Year's Most Exciting Team of Screen Lovers![https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034272/ "'That Hamilton Woman'."] 'IMDb'. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.' 'That Hamilton Woman' is the last of three films they made together and their only film as a married couple. Their first film, 'Fire Over England,' was also produced by Korda. In one scene Laurence Olivier, as Nelson, says he has received orders from Admiral Hood. Olivier played Admiral Hood 43 years later in 'The Bounty' (1984).
Because of the strict Motion Picture Production Code, the two lovers never appear in bed together, nor ever even partially undressed together. Before the affair begins Emma sits on her bed, wherein Nelson is recovering from exhaustion, to feed him some soup. According to K.R.M. Short's study of the film, the major problem for the Production Code office was not the scenes showing romantic encounters: It was the script's treating an "adulterous relationship as a romance instead of a sin."Short, K. R. M. "That Hamilton Woman! (1941): Propaganda, Feminism and the Production Code." 'Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television', Vol. 11, No. 1, 1991, p. 10.
The supporting cast of 'That Hamilton Woman' includes Sara Allgood as Emma's mother, Henry Wilcoxon as Captain Hardy, Gladys Cooper as Lady Nelson, and Alan Mowbray as William Hamilton, Emma's husband, the British ambassador to Naples, and a collector of objets d'art.[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/92696/That-Hamilton-Woman/full-credits.html "Credits: 'That Hamilton Woman' (1941)."] 'Turner Classic Movies'. Retrieved: February 2, 2015.
During the filming a wad of flame fell from a torch directly on Olivier's head, setting his wig afire. Wilcoxon, standing right beside him, tried to extinguish the blaze but was unsuccessful. Finally he had to wrench the wig from Olivier's head, but he had both hands badly burned while Olivier had his eyebrows scorched."Daynard, Don Henry. "Wilcoxon" in 'The New Captain George's Whizzbang' (Peter Harris, ed.) No. 13 (1971), pp. 27
While 'That Hamilton Woman' was marketed as historical romance, its subtext falls into the "war propaganda" category.Von Tunzelmann, Alex. [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jan/06/reel-history-that-hamilton-woman "That Hamilton Woman: A Tale of Two Halves (For Better or Worse)."] 'The Guardian', January 6, 2011. In July 1941, the isolationist group America First Committee (AFC) targeted 'That Hamilton Woman' and three other major Hollywood feature films ('The Great Dictator', Chaplin/United Artists, 1940; 'Foreign Correspondent', Wanger/United Artists, 1940; 'The Mortal Storm', MGM, 1940) as productions that "seemed to be preparing Americans for war." The AFC called on the American public to boycott theaters showing these movies.Chambers II, John Whiteclay. "The Movies and the Antiwar Debate in America, 1930-1941." 'Film & History', Vol. 36, No. 1, 2006, p. 51.
Reception
Bosley Crowther in his review of 'That Hamilton Woman' for 'The New York Times', said the film is "just a running account of a famous love affair, told with deep sympathy for the participants against a broad historic outline of the times... Perhaps if it had all been condensed and contrived with less manifest awe, the effect would have been more exciting and the love story would have had more poignancy. As it is, the little drama in the picture is dissipated over many expansive scenes; compassion is lost in marble halls." Of the two stars, Crowther said, "Vivien Leigh's entire performance as Lady Hamilton is delightful to behold. All of the charm and grace and spirit which Miss Leigh contains is beautifully put to use to capture the subtle spell which Emma most assuredly must have weaved. Laurence Olivier's Nelson is more studied and obviously contrived, and his appearance is very impressive, with the famous dead eye and empty sleeve."Crowther, Bosley. [https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C07E6DE1E3BE33BBC4C53DFB266838A659EDE "Screen review: 'That Hamilton Woman', the Story of a Historic Love Affair."] 'The New York Times', April 4, 1941.
Critical sources usually point out that 'That Hamilton Woman' was Winston Churchill's favorite film.Lasky 1978, pp. 133134. In her research on the subject, film historian Professor Stacey Olster reveals that at the time the film was made, Alexander Korda's New York offices were "supplying cover to MI-5 agents gathering intelligence on both German activities in the United States and isolationist sentiments among makers of American foreign policy."Olster, Stacey. "Remakes, Outtakes, and Updates in Susan Sontags 'The Volcano Lover'." 'Modern Fiction Studies', Vol. 41, no. 1, 1995, pp. 122123. According to Anthony Holden, Olivier's biographer, 'That Hamilton Woman' "became Exhibit A in a case brought against Korda by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Committee had accused him of operating an espionage and propaganda center for Britain in the United Statesa charge Korda only escaped by virtue of the fact that his scheduled appearance before the committee on December 12, 1941 was preempted by the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor five days earlier".Holden 1988, p. 166.
Box office
According to 'Kinematograph Weekly', the film was the fifth most popular movie at the British box office in 1941, after '49th Parallel', 'The Great Dictator', 'Pimpernel Smith' and 'All This, and Heaven Too'.[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xtGIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=hungry+hill+film+box+office&source=bl&ots=MTsQXadYDw&sig=2h-5aG3Vy4tT_h1mlC4mfRi18JQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ8b6P1YHMAhVEFqYKHcy9BF8Q6AEIMzAF#v=onepage&q&f=false Robert Murphy, 'Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939-48' 2003 p 204]
Cast
Awards and honors
At the 14th Academy Awards, 'That Hamilton Woman' was nominated for four Oscars and won for Best Sound.[http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1942 "The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners."] 'oscars.org'. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017202312/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/49262/That-Hamilton-Woman/details "Awards: 'That Hamilton Woman' (1941)."] 'The New York Times'. Retrieved: February 1, 2015.
;Nominated
* Best Art Direction (Vincent Korda, Julia Heron)
* Best Cinematography (Rudolph Mat)
* Best Effects, Special Effects (Lawrence W. Butler, William A. Wilmarth)
;Won
* Best Sound, Recording (Jack Whitney)
See also
* Napoleonic Wars
Notes
References
Bibliography
* Balio, Tino. 'United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars'. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. .* Fraser, Flora. 'Emma, Lady Hamilton'. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. :.
* Holden, Anthony. 'Olivier'. London: Sphere Books Limited, 1989. .
* Lasky, Jr., Jesse. 'Love Scene: The Story of Laurence Olivier and Viven Leigh'. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell, 1978. .
* McFarlane, Brian, ed. 'The Encyclopedia of British Film'. London: BFI/Methuen, 2003. .
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