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A Farewell to Arms (1932 film)
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Wikipedia article
'A Farewell to Arms' is a 1932 American pre-Code romance drama film directed by Frank Borzage and starring Helen Hayes, Gary Cooper, and Adolphe Menjou. Based on the 1929 semi-autobiographical novel 'A Farewell to Arms' by Ernest Hemingway, with a screenplay by Oliver H. P. Garrett and Benjamin Glazer, the film is about a tragic romantic love affair between an American ambulance driver and an English nurse in Italy during World War I. The film received Academy Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Sound, and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Art Direction.
In 1960, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the last claimant, United Artists, did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.
The original Broadway play starred Glenn Anders and Elissa Landi and was staged at the National Theatre September 22, 1930 to October 1930.Unlike most pre-1950 Paramount sound features, 'A Farewell to Arms' was not sold to what is now known as Universal Television. Warner Bros. acquired the rights at an unknown date with the intention to remake the film, but never did. However, Warner Brothers DID re-release the movie in the later forties. WB replaced the original Paramount openings and closings with its circa 1948 logo and completely re-filmed the opening credits and end title. The film would end-up in the package of films sold to Associated Artists Productions in 1956, that company would be sold to United Artists two years later.
Plot
This is the plot of the original 1932 film, as it aired on Turner Classic Movies. The film suffered from editing and censorship even at its initial release. (See below.)
On the Italian front during World War I, Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American architect serving as an officer on an ambulance in the Italian Army, delivers some wounded soldiers to a hospital. While out carousing with his friend, Italian Captain Rinaldi, they are interrupted by a bombing raid. Frederic and English Red Cross nurse Catherine Barkley, who fled from the nurses dormitory in her nightclothes, take shelter in the same dark stairwell. The somewhat drunk Frederic makes a poor first impression.
Rinaldi persuades Frederic to go on a double date with him and two nurses, who turn out to be Catherine and her friend Helen Ferguson, or "Fergie". During a concert for officers and nurses, Frederic and Catherine walk into the garden, and Catherine reveals that she had been engaged for eight years to a soldier who was killed in battle. Away by themselves, he tries to kiss her and she slaps him, but after they talk more, she asks him to kiss her again. In the darkness, he romantically seduces her, over her resistance, and is taken aback and touched to discover she was a virgin. Frederic tells her he loves her.
In the morning, three ambulances, including Frederic's, are leaving for what will be known as the Second Battle of the Piave River. Frederic finds Catherine and tells her that he will be away and that he wants her to know that what happened between them was important to him, and that he will survive the battle unscathed. Catherine gives him the St. Anthony medal she wears around her neck. Rinaldi observes all of this, and then enters a major's office where it is revealed that Rinaldi had orchestrated the separation to prevent Frederic from being with Catherine. The head nurse then suggests sending Catherine back to base, but instead, the Major transfers Catherine to Milan.
At the front, Frederic is badly wounded in the legs and head when an artillery shell blows up his bunker. Frederic is sent to the hospital in Milan where he receives a chilly reception from Fergie while Catherine rushes to his bed to embrace him. Later that night, an Italian Army chaplain known as "Padre" visits Frederic and sees that he and Catherine are lovers. He asks if they would marry if they could, and they answer "yes". He then performs an unofficial wedding service for the couple.
Months later, Catherine and Frederic ask Fergie for their wedding, who rejects the offer saying they won't marry due to the war. As she leaves, she warns Frederic that if he gets Catherine pregnant, she will kill him. Back at the hospital, Frederic is told his convalescent leave is canceled. While waiting for his train, Catherine confides to Frederic that she is scared of each of them dying. He promises he will always come back, and they kiss before he leaves. Catherine then meets with Fergie and reveals to her that she is pregnant and is going to Switzerland to have the child.
While apart, Catherine writes letters to Frederic, never revealing her pregnancy. In Turin, Rinaldi tries to entice Frederic to have some fun, but Frederic is intent on writing to Catherine. Rinaldi, unbeknownst to Frederic, is having all letters from Catherine "Returned to sender". Meanwhile, the hospital at Milan returns all of Frederic's letters to him, marked "person unknown." He tells the Padre that he is deserting and going to Milan to find Catherine.
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Frederic makes it to Milan but finds only Fergie is there, who refuses to tell him anything except that Catherine was pregnant and is gone. Rinaldi meets Frederic at a hotel where Frederic reveals that Catherine is going to have a baby. Rinaldi, realizing his mistakes, tells Frederic that she is in Brissago, Switzerland and helps Frederic get there, apologizing for keeping the lovers apart.
Meanwhile, Catherine discovers that all of the letters to Frederic have been returned, marked "Return to Sender". She goes into labor and is taken to the hospital where she endures prolonged and unproductive labor. As Frederic arrives, Catherine is wheeled into the operating room for a Caesarean section. After the operation, the surgeon tells Frederic that the baby, a boy, died in the womb long before Catherine came to the hospital.
When Catherine regains consciousness, she and Frederic exchange heartbreaking endearments and plan the future, until Catherine panics and begs Frederic to hold her tight because she is going to die and is afraid. He soothes her and tells her they can never really be parted. She tells him she is not afraid and dies in Frederic's arms as the sun rises. Frederic picks up her body and turns slowly toward the window, sobbing "Peace, Peace."
Ending
This is the film's original ending when released to international audiences in 1932. Some prints for American audiences had a happy ending, where Catherine did not die, and some were ambiguous; some theaters were offered a choice. The censors were concerned about more than just the heroine's death. Versions proliferated when a much more powerful Motion Picture Production Code got hold of the picture before various re-releases to film and television, not to mention the effects of a change of ownership to Warner Bros. and lapse into the public domain.According to TCM.com: " A Farewell to Arms originally ran 89 minutes, and was later cut to 78 minutes for a 1938 re-issue. The 89-minute version (unseen since the original theatrical run in 1932 and long thought to be lost) was released on DVD in 1999 by Image Entertainment, mastered from a nitrate print located in the David O. Selznick vaults."
Cast
* Helen Hayes as Catherine Barkley
* Gary Cooper as Lieutenant Frederic Henry
* Adolphe Menjou as Major Rinaldi
* Mary Philips as Helen Ferguson
* Jack La Rue as Priest
* Blanche Friderici as Head Nurse
* Mary Forbes as Miss Van Campen
* Gilbert Emery as British Major
* Agostino Borgato as Giulio (uncredited)
* Tom Ricketts as Count Greffi (uncredited)
Music
The film's sound track includes selections from the Liebestod from Wagner's opera 'Tristan und Isolde', Wagner's opera 'Siegfried', and the storm passage from Tchaikovsky's symphonic poem 'Francesca da Rimini'.
Critical reception
and Helen Hayes
In his 1932 review in 'The New York Times', Mordaunt Hall wrote:
There is too much sentiment and not enough strength in the pictorial conception of Ernest Hemingway's novel ... the film account skips too quickly from one episode to another and the hardships and other experiences of Lieutenant Henry are passed over too abruptly, being suggested rather than told ... Gary Cooper gives an earnest and splendid portrayal [and] Helen Hayes is admirable as Catherine ... another clever characterization is contributed by Adolphe Menjou ... it is unfortunate that these three players, serving the picture so well, do not have the opportunity to figure in more really dramatic interludes.
In 2006, Dan Callahan of 'Slant Magazine' noted, "Hemingway ... was grandly contemptuous of Frank Borzage's version of 'A Farewell to Arms' ... but time has been kind to the film. It launders out the writer's ... pessimism and replaces it with a testament to the eternal love between a couple."
In a 2014 posting, 'Time Out London' calls it "not only the best film version of a Hemingway novel, but also one of the most thrilling visions of the power of sexual love that even Borzage ever made ... no other director created images like these, using light and movement like brushstrokes, integrating naturalism and a daring expressionism in the same shot. This is romantic melodrama raised to its highest degree."
Awards and honors
The film won two Academy Awards and was nominated for another two:
* Academy Award for Best Picture (nominee)
* Academy Award for Art Direction (nominee)
* Academy Award for Best Cinematography ('winner')
* Academy Award for Best Sound Recording Franklin Hansen ('winner')
Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
* 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions Nominated
See also
* List of films in the public domain in the United States
* 'The House That Shadows Built' (1931 promotional film by Paramount with excerpt of film showing Eleanor Boardman, later replaced by Hayes)
References
Further reading
* Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. 'The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film' (2nd ed. 2005) pp 124126.
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