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Nanook of the North
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Wikipedia article
'Nanook of the North' is a 1922 American silent film which combines elements of documentary and docudrama, at a time when the concept of separating films into documentary and drama did not yet exist.Nanook of the North incorporates many docudrama elements, including the "casting" of locals into fictitious "roles" and family relationships, as well as anachronistic "staged" hunting scenes. It is not a docufiction (See: List of docufiction films) In the tradition of what would later be called salvage ethnography, the film follows the struggles of the Inuk man named Nanook and his family in the Canadian Arctic. It is written and directed by Robert J. Flaherty, who also served as cinematographer, editor, and producer.
Some have criticized Flaherty for staging several sequences, but the film is generally viewed as standing "alone in its stark regard for the courage and ingenuity of its heroes." It was the first feature-length documentary to achieve commercial success, proving the financial viability of the genre and inspiring many films to come.
In 1989, 'Nanook of the North' was among the first group of 25 films selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Plot
The documentary follows the lives of an Inuk, Nanook, and his family as they travel, search for food, and trade in the Ungava Peninsula of northern Quebec, Canada. Nanook, his wife Nyla and their family are introduced as fearless heroes who endure rigors no other race could survive. The audience sees Nanook, often with his family, hunt a walrus, build an igloo, go about his day, and perform other tasks.
Production
Development
In 1910, Flaherty was hired by Sir William Mackenzie as an explorer and prospector searching for iron ore and other mineral deposits along the Hudson Bay for the Canadian Northern Railway. Learning about the lands and people there, Flaherty decided on his third expedition in 1913 to bring with him a glass-plate still camera and movie camera as well as a small portable printer and processor. Knowing nothing about film, he took a three-week course on the elementary techniques of filmmaking and film processing with the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York.Filming
Using a Bell & Howell camera, a portable developing and printing machine, and some lighting equipment, Flaherty spent 1914 and 1915 shooting hours of film of Inuit life. By 1916, Flaherty had enough footage to begin test screenings and was met with wide enthusiasm. However, in 1916, Flaherty dropped a cigarette onto the original camera negative (which was highly flammable nitrate stock) and lost 30,000 feet of film. With his first attempt ruined, Flaherty decided to not only return for new footage, but also to refocus the film on one Inuit family as he felt his earlier footage was too much like a travelogue. Spending four years raising money, Flaherty was eventually funded by French fur company Revillon Frres and returned to the North and shot from August 1920 to August 1921. As a main character, Flaherty chose the celebrated hunter of the Itivimuit tribe, Allakariallak. The full collaboration of the Inuit was key to Flaherty's success as the Inuit were his film crew and many of them knew his camera better than he did.Controversies
Flaherty has been criticized for deceptively portraying staged events as reality. "Nanook" was in fact named Allakariallak . Flaherty chose this nickname because of its seeming genuineness which makes it more marketable to Euro-American audiences. Nanook means polar bear in Inuktitut. The "wife" shown in the film was not really his wife. According to Charlie Nayoumealuk, who was interviewed in 'Nanook Revisited' (1990), "the two women in 'Nanook' Nyla (Alice [?] Nuvalinga) and Cunayou (whose real name we do not know) were not Allakariallak's wives, but were in fact common-law wives of Flaherty." And although Allakariallak normally used a gun when hunting, Flaherty encouraged him to hunt after the fashion of his recent ancestors in order to capture the way the Inuit lived before European colonization of the Americas. Flaherty also exaggerated the peril to Inuit hunters with his claim, often repeated, that Allakariallak had died of starvation less than two years after the film was completed, whereas in fact he died at home, likely of tuberculosis.Pamela R. Stern, 'Historical Dictionary of the Inuit' (Lanham, MD:Scarecrow Press, 2004), p. 23.Robert J. Christopher, 'Robert and Frances Flaherty: A Documentary Life, 18831922' (Montral and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005), pp. 387388
Furthermore, it has been criticized for portraying Inuit as subhuman Arctic beings, without technology or culture, and situates them outside modern history. It was also criticized for comparing Inuit to animals. The film is considered to be an artifact of popular culture at the time and also a result of a historical fascination for Inuit performers in exhibitions, zoos, fairs, museums and early cinema.
Flaherty defended his work by stating, "one often has to distort a thing in order to catch its true spirit." Later filmmakers have pointed out that the only cameras available to Flaherty at the time were both large and immobile, making it impossible to effectively capture most interior shots or unstructured exterior scenes without significantly modifying the environment and subject action.
Building of the igloo
The building of the igloo is one of the most celebrated sequences in the film, but interior photography presented a problem. Building an igloo large enough for a camera to enter resulted in the dome collapsing, and when they finally succeeded in making the igloo it was too dark for photography. Instead, the images of the inside of the igloo in the film were actually shot in a special three-walled igloo for Flaherty's bulky camera so that there would be enough light for it to capture interior shots.
This instead is what Flaherty said: "The average Eskimo igloo, about 12 feet in diameter, was much too small. On the dimensions I laid out for him, a diameter of 25 feet, Nanook and his companions started in to build the biggest igloo of their lives. For two days they worked, the women and children helping them. Then came the hard partto cut insets for the five large slab-ice windows without weakening the dome. They had hardly begun when the dome fell in pieces to the ground. 'Never mind,' said Nanook, 'I can do it next time.' For two days more they worked, but again with the same result; as soon as they began setting in the ice-windows their structure fell to the ground. It was a huge joke by this time, and holding their sides they laughed their misfortune away. Again Nanook began on the 'big Aggie igloo', but this time the women and children hauled barrels of water on sledges from the water-hole and iced the walls as they went up. Finally the igloo was finished and they stood eyeing it as satisfied as so many small children over a house of blocks. The light from the ice-windows proved inadequate, however, and when the interiors were finally filmed the dome's half just over the camera had to be cut away, so Nanook and his family went to sleep and awakened with all the cold of out-of-doors pouring in."Robert Flaherty Talking," in Cinema 1950, edited by Roger Manvell (London: Pelican, 1950) 1819.
Visit to the trade post of the white man
In the "Trade Post of the White Man" scene, Nanook and his family arrive in a kayak at the trading post and one family member after another emerges from a small kayak, akin to a clown car at the circus. Going to trade his hunt from the year, including the skins of foxes, seals, and polar bears, Nanook comes in contact with the white man and there is a funny interaction as the two cultures meet. The trader plays music on a gramophone and tries to explain how a man 'cans' his voice. Bending forward and staring at the machine, Nanook puts his ear closer as the trader cranks the mechanism again. The trader removes the record and hands it to Nanook who at first peers at it and then puts it in his mouth and bites it. The scene is meant to be a comical one as the audience laughs at the naivete of Nanook and people isolated from Western culture. In truth, the scene was entirely scripted and Allakariallak knew what a gramophone was.Hunting of the walrus
It has been noted that in the 1920s, when Nanook was filmed, the Inuit had already begun integrating the use of Western clothing and were using rifles to hunt rather than harpoons, but this does not negate that the Inuit knew how to make traditional clothing from animals found in their environment, could still fashion traditional weapons and were perfectly able to make use of them if found to be preferable for a given situation.Reception
As the first "nonfiction" work of its scale, 'Nanook of the North' was ground-breaking cinema. It captured many authentic details of a culture little known to outsiders, and it was filmed in a remote location. Hailed almost unanimously by critics, the film was a box-office success in the United States and abroad. In the following years, many others would try to follow Flaherty's success with "primitive peoples" films. In 2005, film critic Roger Ebert described the film's central figure, Nanook, as "one of the most vital and unforgettable human beings ever recorded on film." In a 2014 'Sight and Sound' poll, film critics voted 'Nanook of the North' the seventh-best documentary film of all time.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 8.68/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "An enthralling documentary and a visual feat, 'Nanook of the North' fascinates with its dramatic depiction of life in an extremely hostile environment."
Legacy
At the time, few documentaries had been filmed and there was little precedent to guide Flaherty's work. Since Flaherty's time, staging, attempting to steer documentary action, or presenting re-enactment as naturally captured footage has come to be considered unethical.
In its earliest years (approx. 18951902), film production was dominated by actualitiesshort pictures of real people in real places. Robert Flaherty's great innovation was simply to combine the two forms of actuality, infusing the exotic journey with the details of indigenous work and play and life.
Home media
In 1999, 'Nanook of the North' was digitally remastered and released on DVD by The Criterion Collection. It includes an interview with Flaherty's widow (and 'Nanook of the North' co-editor), Frances Flaherty, photos from Flaherty's trip to the arctic, and excerpts from a TV documentary, 'Flaherty and Film.' In 2013, Flicker Alley released a remastered Blu-ray version that includes six other arctic films.
Popular culture
Music
* Frank Zappa dreamed he was Nanook in the lyrics to his 1974 songs "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow" & "Nanook Rubs It".* The music video to Australian alternative rock band Regurgitator's 1995 song "Blubber Boy" parodies the movie.
* Since 2015 Tanya Tagaq has performed interpretations of the entire film accompanied variously by a drummer, violinist, guitarist and thereminist.
Film
* The 1923 silent film comedy 'A Tough Winter' parodied 'Nanook of the North'. It was produced by Hal Roach and directed by Charley Chase, and starred Snub Pollard with Marie Mosquini and James Finlayson.* 'Kabloonak' is a 1994 film about the making of 'Nanook of the North'. Charles Dance plays Flaherty and Adamie Quasiak Inukpuk (a relative of Nanook) plays Nanook.
Television
* In the 'Top Cat' episode "Top Cat Falls in Love" (episode 7), Top Cat pretends to be an eskimo and says his grandmother was Nanook of the North.* In episode 2 of the 2015 series 'Documentary Now!' (IFC), "Kunuk Uncovered" is a mockumentary parodying the 1990 documentary about the making of Nanook of the North titled 'Nanook Revisited', especially addressing the staging and manipulation of the original documentary.
* In the television series 'The Legend of Korra', the entrepreneur Varrick creates a silent film called "Nuktuk: Hero of the South". It stars another character, Bolin, in a staged film "documenting" the heroic tales of "Nuktuk" and life of the people who live in the South Pole. This film, or "mover" as Varrick calls it, is later used as propaganda to increase tensions among the warring Water tribes.
See also
* Docudrama
* Nanook (mythology)
* List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website
Notes
References
;Bibliography
*
*
* McGrath, Melanie (2006) 'The Long Exile, A True Story of Deception and Survival Amongst the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic', Harper-Collins
Further reading
*'Nanook of the North' essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 , pages 8384
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