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Joan of Arc (1900 film)
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Wikipedia article
'Joan of Arc' is a 1900 French silent film directed by Georges Mlis, based on the life of Joan of Arc.
Plot
In the village of Domrmy, the young Joan is visited by Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret, who exhort her to fight for her country. Her father Jacques d'Arc, mother Isabelle Rome, and uncle beg her to stay at home, but she leaves them and travels to Vaucouleurs, where she meets with the governor, Captain Robert de Baudricourt. The dissipated Baudricourt initially scorns Joan's ideals, but her zeal eventually wins him over, and he gives her authority to lead French soldiers. Joan and her army lead a triumphal procession into Orlans, followed by a large crowd. Then, in Reims Cathedral, Charles VII is crowned King of France.
At the Siege of Compigne, Joan is taken prisoner while her army attempts to storm the castle. In prison, Joan has another dream in which she sees her visions again. Taken to the interrogation, Joan refuses to sign a retraction, and is condemned as a heretic. In the Rouen marketplace, Joan is burned at the stake. The wood carrier at the execution, bringing in fuel for the burning, dies on the spot from the fumes. In a final apotheosis scene, Joan rises to heaven, where she is greeted by God and the saints.
Cast
*Jeanne Calvire as Joan of Arc. Calvire, a stablewoman at the Cirque d'Hiver, was hired for this film and remained among Mlis's core troupe of actors for several years afterward.
*Georges Mlis in seven roles: Jeanne's father; Jeanne's uncle; Robert de Baudricourt; a beggar at the Orlans procession; a soldier at the Siege of Compigne; one of Joan's jailers; and the wood carrier at the execution.
*Jeanne d'Alcy in three roles: Jeanne's mother; a lady at Vaucouleurs; and a lady at Orlans.
Production
The film was made in the spring of 1900. It was the first of Mlis's films to surpass 200 meters in length, and the second (after his 'Cinderella' the previous year) to use changes of scene, with twelve sets employed and that number of scenes, or 'tableaux', advertised. ('Cinderella' was advertised as having twenty 'tableaux', but they were filmed on only six sets; this division of long scenes into smaller segments for advertising purposes would become Mlis's standard practice. 'Joan of Arc', by contrast, was advertised with twelve scenes, one per set.) The artist Charles Claudel, who also repainted the interior of the Thtre Robert-Houdin in 1901 following Mlis's designs, was the set painter for the film. The cameraman was Leclerc, who also worked for Mlis as the pianist at the Thtre Robert-Houdin.
Mlis's scenario for the film strongly emphasizes Joan's status as a national hero of France and a martyr for the French people; the first scene, in which Joan enters leading a flock of sheep, foreshadows her eventual leading of the French army. The final scene, with its triumphal entry of Joan into heaven and her meeting God, suggests Joan's suitability for Catholic sainthood. (Joan of Arc was beatified by the Church in 1909 and canonized in 1920.)
Most of the film is staged in Mlis's usual theatrical style, with a stationary camera viewing the action from afar, in a long shot, as if viewing a stage spectacle from a seat in the audience. However, the eighth scene, the Siege of Compigne, is notable for a more modern-looking visual effect: in that scene, actors move much closer to the camera, in the distance of a medium shot. This is the second example, among Mlis's extant films, of experiments with medium shots; the first had occurred the previous year in 'Bagarre entre journalistes', an installment of Mlis's series 'The Dreyfus Affair'.
An advertisement for the film claims that "almost 500 people" can be seen in the grand parade at Orlans, an effect created by having a moderately sized group of people cross the screen from left to right, go around the north side of the studio, and re-enter, repeating the cycle several times to simulate a much larger crowd.
Release and survival
'Joan of Arc' was released by Mlis's Star Film Company and is numbered 264275 in its catalogues, where it was advertised as a 'pice cinmatographique grand spectacle en 12 tableaux'. As the film scholar Jacques Malthte has noted, Mlis's descriptions of the film in advertising material never mention that Joan's enemies are English; this omission occurs not only in the English-language materials (where mentioning conflict with the French may have been thought harmful to sales), but also in the French ones (where the omission is less understandable).
The film was Mlis's second big cinematic success ('Cinderella' was the first). It was shown widely in France, and was also exhibited elsewhere, including in Montreal and Havana. In England, the film was distributed by the Warwick Trading Company, which handled English releases of Mlis's films until 1902. In the United States, the Edison Manufacturing Company sold "dupes" (illegally duplicated prints) of the film. American film piracy became such a problem for Mlis, especially after the success of his much-pirated 1902 film 'A Trip to the Moon', that he opened an American branch of his company in New York in 1903, under the direction by his brother Gaston Mlis, for added copyright protection.
The film was believed lost until 1982, when a hand-colored print with the first scene missing was discovered by the collector Ren Charles.
See also
* Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc
References
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