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Forest of the Hanged (novel)
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Wikipedia article
'Forest of the Hanged' is a novel by Romanian writer Liviu Rebreanu. Published in 1922, it is partly inspired by the experience of his brother Emil Rebreanu, an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army hanged for espionage and desertion in 1917, during World War I. Bianca Sara, [http://adevarul.ro/locale/bistrita/liviu-rebreanu-roman-1_5273591ec7b855ff56a42b37/index.html "Cum i-a transformat Liviu Rebreanu execuia fratelui su de pe front ntr-un roman tradus n opt limbi"], 'Adevrul', 1 November 2013; Retrieved 15 December 2013
The novel was made into a film in 1965. The film was directed by Liviu Ciulei, who won the award for Best Director at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival. Composer Carmen Petra Basacopol created in 19881990 an opera titled 'Apostol Bologa, op. 58', which was inspired by this novel.
Plot
The protagonist is Lieutenant Apostol Bologa, who was born and raised in Parva - then Prva, Beszterce-Naszd County, Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary. Although he was enrolled in the Philosophy Faculty of the University of Budapest, and he had not been conscripted into the army since he was a widow's son, Bologa volunteers into the Austro-Hungarian Army at the start of World War I. He does that both from a youthful ambition to prove his bravery in front of his fiance, Marta Doma, who was enchanted by the military uniforms of the Hungarian officers, as well as from the social views he had acquired in Hungarian schools. After attending artillery school, he is sent to the front. He fights valiantly in Italy and Galicia; wounded twice in the next two years, he is promoted to the rank of lieutenant and decorated three times. Bologa contributes (by his vote in court) at the sentencing to death of a Czech officer, second lieutenant Svoboda, who had deserted the Austro-Hungarian army.
The novel follows his soul metamorphosis, under the influence of the Czech captain Otto Klapka, who seeds in his heart the hatred against the Austrian empire and the love for the Romanian nation. Sent on the Romanian front, in the Eastern Carpathians, the thought of desertion becomes an obsession for him. Being forced again to take part in a military tribunal, to judge a Romanian peasant for espionage, Apostol Bologa starts in the night towards the Romanian lines, to get to his blood brothers. He is caught and hanged, in much the same way as the Czech that he had helped condemn. At the gallows, his confessor recites, "Receive, o Lord, the soul of Thy servant Apostol".
Editions and translations
*. Bucureti: Cartea Romneasc. 1922
*. Praha: olc a imek. 1928. Translation: Marie Kojecko-Korickova
*. London: Allen et Co., New York: Duffield & Co. 1930. Translation: Alice V. Wise. ,
*. Perugia, Venezia: . 1930. Translation: Enzo Loretti
*. Krakw: Wydawnictwa Literacko-Naukowego. 1931.
*. Paris: ditions Perrin. 1932. Translation: B. Madeleine, Lon Thvenin, Andr Bellesort
*. Cernui: Der Tag, 1932. Translation: Ernst Carab
*. Rotterdam. 1932. Translation: Jules Verbegke
*. Krakw. 1934. Translation: Stanislav Lukasik
*. 1938. Translation: Imre Somogyi
*. Istanbul: nsel Kitabevi. 1942. Translation: Ziya Yama; 'Umut Topraklar, Ayrnt Yaynevi, 2019. Translation: Glen Akta.'
*. Madrid: Stylos. 1944. Translation: Maria Teresa Quiroga Pl, Luis Landinez
*. Stockholm: Bonnier. 1944. Translation: Ingeborg Essen
*. Lisbon: Gleba, 1945. Translation: Celestino Gomes, Victor Buescu
*. Helsinki: Suomen kirja, 1946. Translation: Lauri Ikonen
*. Bucureti: Editura de literatur n limb strine, 1958. Translation: Olga Cruevan
*. Kishinev: Kartia Moldoveniaske, 1960. Vasili Sugoniai
*. Athens: Kedros. 1961. Translation: Kosmas Politis, Maria Dimitriadis-Papaioanu
*. Sofia: Narodna Kultura. 1962. Translation: Gergana Stratieva
*. Bratislava: Slov. vydav. krsnej lit. 1965. Translation: Peter Doval
*. Cairo. 1967. Translation: Fauzi Shn
*. Ljubljana: , 1976. Translation: Katja pur
* Kiev: Dnipro, 1990; Translation: Ivan Kushniruk
*. Tokyo: Kobunsha. 1997. Translation:
Notes
References
*Cezar Apreotesei, "Date noi despre prototipul lui Apostol Bologa", Orizont, vol. XV, nr. 7, July 1964.
*Gheorghe Bogdan-Duic, "Discuii literare. "Pdurea spnzurailor" de Liviu Rebreanu, Societatea de mine, revist sptmnal pentru probleme sociale i economice, Cluj, vol. I, nr. 4, 4 May 1924, p. 92.
*Octav Botez, "Liviu Rebreanu: "Pdurea spnzurailor"", Viaa Romneasc, Iai, vol. XV, nr. 7, July 1923.
* Maria-Nicoleta Ciocian, "[http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-philo/C1-1/philo19.pdf Pdurea Spnzurailor or the Multifaceted Dimension of Love]", Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, vol. I, nr. 1, 2009, pp. 164-169.
*erban Cioculescu, "n marginea operei d-lui Liviu Rebreanu", Revista Fundaiilor Regale, vol. III, nr. 2, February 1936, pp. 412-423.
*Pompiliu Constantinescu, "Liviu Rebreanu: Ion, Pdurea spnzurailor, Ciuleandra", Opere i autori, Editura Ancora, Bucureti, 1928, pp. 112-120.
*Gyula Dvid, "Apostol Bologa tja s tveszti", Korunk, vol. XXVII, nr. 11, November 1968, pp. 1616-1620.
*Dana Dumitru, "Lumea vzut astfel", Romnia Literar, vol. IV, nr. 37, 3 September 1971.
Category:1922 novels
Category:Novels set during World War I
Category:Psychological novels
Category:Novels set in Romania
Category:Romanian novels adapted into films
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