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Dinosaur!
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Wikipedia article
'Dinosaur!' is a 1985 American television documentary film about dinosaurs. It was first broadcast in the United States on November 5, 1985, on CBS.[https://primevalprimetime.webs.com/the1980s.htm 1980s section from Primeval Time, a dinosaurs documentaries specialised website] Directed by Robert Guenette and written by Steven Paul Mark, 'Dinosaur!' was hosted by the American actor Christopher Reeve, who some years before had played the leading role of 'Superman'.
In 1991, another documentary, also entitled 'Dinosaur!' though not related, was hosted on A&E by the CBS anchorman Walter Cronkite.Brian Switek, "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/looking-back-at-aampes-dinosaur-96154886/?no-ist Looking Back at A&E's 'Dinosaur!']", 'Smithsonian Mag', smithsonian.com, March 2, 2011
Content
Jointly with Reeve's narration, the documentary shows special effects scenes which reconstruct dinosaurs and their era, along with interviews with the most famous paleontologists at the time of the documentary shooting, including Jack Horner, Robert Bakker, Phil Currie, and Dale Russell.
After a short introductory sequence and the subsequent opening credits the film starts with the mating of hadrosaurs, a species which in the documentary is identified as "hadrosaur", "the duck-billed dinosaur" or "duck-bill". The female soon lays a clutch of eggs that are eaten by a 'Struthiomimus', except for one. When the 'Struthiomimus' eats the last egg it stole, it is then hunted and killed by a pair of 'Deinonychus'. The remaining hadrosaur egg hatches and grows into a juvenile. While it is out grazing with its parents, it wanders off and it almost gets killed by a 'Tyrannosaurus rex', but the parents hear its cries and come to the rescue. While one of the parents looks after the juvenile, the other one faces the theropod and knocks it over with its strong, 2,000-pound tail. Once down, the 'Tyrannosaurus' could not get up easily, so the herbivore is given a chance to escape. Once all three hadrosaurs are happily back together and the 'Tyrannosaurus' is back on its feet, the latter defeatedly walks back into the forest.
Next, a herd of 'Brontosaurus' is shown, busy eating leaves from tall trees. They use their long necks to reach high branches.
Next, a herd of 'Monoclonius' is seen grazing. One member wanders off into the forest in search of flowers. Night falls and it tries to find the herd. It soon stumbles upon the remains of a killed hadrosaur and becomes wary. The 'Tyrannosaurus' then ambushes it and bites hard on its back. The 'Monoclonius' breaks free and stabs the 'Tyrannosaurus' in the shin, which only infuriates the predator. The 'Monoclonius' becomes cornered and is killed.
That night, all seems calm. Suddenly, an asteroid crashes into Earth and kills the dinosaurs. After that, a small mouse-like mammal (live-acted by an opossum) is seen climbing out of a hole in the ground, among the bones of a dead hadrosaur, signaling the start of mammals ruling the Earth.
The documentary also discusses the overgrowing popularity of dinosaurs, as well as the possibility of living cryptids such as the Loch Ness Monster and Mokele-mbembe.
Scientific terminology in 'Dinosaur!'
The genus 'Brontosaurus' is named as such in the documentary, although at that time (1985) the scientific consensus considered it to be synonymous with 'Apatosaurus'. Also, at the beginning of the documentary, Christopher Reeve, who hosts the programme, mentions several dinosaur genera. Starting with 'Hadrosaurus', Reeve signs to the audience that dinosaur names are fun to say, but this is the only moment in 'Dinosaur!' when the genus 'Hadrosaurus' is mentioned as such. For the rest of the programme, including the segments referring to the specimens studied in Montana by Jack Horner (genus 'Maiasaura' though not mentioned as such in the documentary), both Reeve and the narrator use the term "duck-billed" which refers to all hadrosaurids. Hadrosaurus, as a genus, refers to one single species and specimen found in New Jersey. The documentary 'Dinosaur!' abundantly uses the term "duck-billed", thus referring to all hadrosaurids, not only to the genus 'Hadrosaurus'.
Inconsistencies
All six species of dinosaurs shown in the special effects sequences are presented as contemporary to each other. The documentary provides the audience with valuable data but doesn't situate those species in their respective geologic time scale periods. The dinosaurs featured alongside each other in overlapping sequences are duck-billed dinosaurs (which are hadrosaurids), 'Struthiomimus', 'Deinonychus', 'Tyrannosaurus', 'Monoclonius' and even 'Brontosaurus'. That latter first appears in a separated sequence but is later shown during the KT event. This situates all those animals as contemporary species during the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period, which is inconsistent. In reality, 'Brontosaurus' belongs to the Jurassic period and only 'Struthiomimus', 'Tyrannosaurus' and some hadrosaur species were contemporaries at the end of the Cretaceous period, the remains of them having been found in geological layers of the Hell Creek Formation. 'Deinonychus' fossils have been found only in Early Cretaceous rocks, and 'Monoclonius', which is now considered a synonym of 'Centrosaurus', belongs to an earlier age of the Late Cretaceous period.
Origins of the project
Immediately before working in the full length television documentary 'Dinosaur!', Phil Tippett had been working in an experimental sequence lasting ten minutes.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlaXIRTjNfo 'Prehistoric Beast' digital restoration, published on April 6, 2011, by the Phil Tippett Studio's official channel in Youtube] Conceived and created by Tippett with the help of Industrial Light & Magic stop-motion animators Randy Dutra (who made the dinosaur molds and skins) and Tom St. Amand (who made the inner articulated metallic skeletons of the dinosaurs),[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/1464032%7C0/Tom-St-Amand/filmography-with-synopsis.html Animator Tom St. Amand filmography, TCM.com] this original sequence was titled 'Prehistoric Beast' and tried to improve go motion animation special effects techniques. The story of the short was simple: the chase and predation of a 'Monoclonius' by a 'Tyrannosaurus'. This short animated film was only released in specialized animation festivals in 1984, but it convinced Robert Guenette and Steven Paul Mark to request Tippett's skills in order to transform it into a full-length documentary. They then asked Tippett to realise new sequences with other dinosaur species, like hadrosaurs, 'Deinonychus', 'Struthiomimus' and 'Brontosaurus', while stock footage from the 1979 film 'Meteor' was used to depict an asteroid, the one supposed to have crashed into the Earth, causing the dinosaur's extinction. Adding all this new material to the material from 'Prehistoric Beast' resulted in the 1985 'Dinosaur!' documentary.
The go motion animation technique was first used by Tippett in the 'Star Wars' original trilogy of films (1977, 1980, 1983), especially in the second installment, 'The Empire Strikes Back' (1980), animating the tauntauns and the AT-ATs seen in the film. In 1983, when his work with the original 'Star Wars' trilogy was finished, Tippett went on to improve his animation technique by means of 'Prehistoric Beast' (1984). He further improved the technique when his Tippet Studio was appointed for the special effects of 'Dinosaur!' (first aired in 1985). Tippet's experimental work on those two films about dinosaurs helped with the animatics and CGI animated dinosaur sequences he made later for 'Jurassic Park' (1993).
Shooting, airings and VHS releases
'Dinosaur!' was mainly shot in New York City and Los Angeles, and in some fossiliferous locations of the United States. Christopher Reeve was a "Dino fan" and demonstrated his enthusiasm for the shooting by flying with his own airplane to the American Museum of Natural History in New York and requesting himself the re-shooting of several scenes.
The special effects were mainly made in Phil Tippett's garage.[http://www.angelfire.com/film/philtippett/articles/motion-control.html "An Insider Interview with Phil Tippett", by Jamie Painter] - 'Star Wars Insider' issue #33, 1997, and 'Star Wars' #10, 1997 Tippett received assistance from Industrial Light & Magic stop-motion animators Randy Dutra (who made the dinosaur molds and skins) and Tom St. Amand (who made the inner articulated metallic skeletons of the dinosaurs).
Some excerpts from old films were shown in 'Dinosaur!' in order to explain how popular dinosaurs were in cinema. One of those excerpts was a scene from 'King Kong' (1933), in which a character pronounces the words "prehistoric beast", which is the title chosen by Phil Tippett for his experimental short.'Movie Magic: Behind the Scenes - Dinomania' (The Discovery Channel, 1996)
'Dinosaur!' was shown again on the Disney Channel during the 1990s before it went from being a premium pay channel on cable to a standard channel. It had a VHS release on May 5, 1993, by Family Home Entertainment.
Legacy
Some footage of 'Dinosaur!' was re-dubbed with different sound effects and music in the original '3D Dinosaur Adventure' for MS-DOS operating systems by Knowledge Adventure. It was used in again the 1995 and 1996 Windows remake of the game. They appeared in the 1993 PC-video game called Microsoft Dinosaurs. They appeared in the 1998 ABC World Reference game called 'Wide World of Dinosaurs' for Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems by Creative Wonders. Footage of 'Dinosaur!' was also used in Really Wild Animals for the episode 'Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features'.
Awards
* Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects (1986)
See also
* Tippett Studio
Notes and references
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