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Stukas (film)
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Wikipedia article
'Stukas' is a 1941 Nazi propaganda film, directed by Karl Ritter and starring Carl Raddatz, which follows three squadrons of Luftwaffe dive-bomber (Stuka) flyers.
Plot and themes
The plot largely alternates between combat and lulls in combat,Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=das%20zum%20Teil%20durch%20dokumentarische%20Aufnahmen%20gewonnene&f=false p. 357]. with the exception of two narratives. In one, three of the flyers who have been shot down behind enemy lines make their way back to the German position, finally succeeding after one of them manages to talk a French unit into capitulating.Rother, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hinter%20den%20Feindlichen%20Linien%20durchzuschlagen&f=false 358]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Dreiergruppe%20zum%20triumphalen%20Sieger&f=false 59]. In the other, a shell-shocked flyer whose doctor has prescribed "a profound experience" recovers the will to fight when he hears "Siegfried's Rhine Journey" during a performance of Wagner's 'Gtterdmmerung' at the Bayreuth Festival.Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=erst%20durch%20den%20Besuch%20bei%20den%20Kriegsfestspielen%20in%20Bayreuth%20geheilt%20wird&f=false p. 358].Richard Grunberger, 'A Social History of the Third Reich', London: Weidenfeld, 1971, , p. 386.Howard K. Smith, 'Last Train from Berlin', New York: Knopf, 1942, , [https://books.google.com/books?id=c0wmAQAAMAAJ&q=Smith,+Last+Train+from+Berlin+Bayreuth&dq=Smith,+Last+Train+from+Berlin+Bayreuth&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vGaIUNnIIKiDjAL0iICQDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA p. 157], quoted in Rolf Giesen, 'Nazi Propaganda Films: A History and Filmography', Jefferson, North Carolina / London: McFarland, 2003, , [https://books.google.com/books?ei=FWeIUOCUDo3siwKDjoCQBQ&id=qGlZAAAAMAAJ&dq=Giesen%2C+Nazi+Propaganda+Films+Bayreuth&q=So+they+took+him+off+to+the+Bayreuth+music+festival%2C+where+he+listened+to+a+few+lines+of+Wagnerian+music%3B+his+soul+began+to+breathe#search_anchor p. 82]. (He has a flashback to his commander and the chief medical officer playing the same passage four-handed on the piano.Erwin Leiser, 'Nazi Cinema', tr. Gertrud Mander and David Wilson, London: Secker & Warburg, 1974, , pp. 66–[https://books.google.com/books?ei=oP-TUK3DAoqUiQKcnoHICw&id=1M1ZAAAAMAAJ&dq=Erwin+Leiser%2C+Nazi+Cinema+Stukas&q=Bayreuth#search_anchor 67].See also David Stewart Hull, 'Film in the Third Reich: A Study of the German Cinema, 1933–1945', Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California, 1969, , p. 189 and [http://www.wagneropera.net/Themes/Wagner-In-Movies-Stukas-1941.htm Stukas (Nazi propaganda film, 1941) - director: Karl Ritter], Wagner in Movies, Wagneropera.net, retrieved 31 October 2012. Grunberger erroneously refers to "the Great March from Wagner's 'Siegfried'", Smith simply to "the middle of the first act".Laurence A. Rickels, 'Nazi Psychoanalysis' Volume 3 'Psy Fi', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2002, , [https://books.google.com/books?id=zuEwRnTk3YcC&pg=PA158&dq=Stukas+%28film%29&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WTSPUOe_D-r6igKgnYCwDA&sqi=2&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Beginning%20with%20the%20flashback%20to%20the%20Wagner%20duets%20on%20the%20piano%2C%20the%20soldier%27s%20bouncy%20teen%20style%20is%20back&f=false p. 158].) The film ends with them in flight on their way to attack England.
'Stukas' is an example of the Nazi contemporary film, or 'Zeitfilm', a type which Ritter, the scriptwriter and director, largely invented and championed as an answer to Russian revolutionary films.Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gegenentwurf%20zum%20russischen%20Revolutionsfilm&f=false p. 351]. The film was commissioned by the Luftwaffe and presents participation in war as a joy.Wolf Donner, "'Stukas', (1941)", in 'Propaganda und Film im 'Dritten Reich', ed. Jeanine Meerapfel, Berlin: TIP, 1995, pp. 103–06 , p. 104: "Ein Film ber die Liebe zum Krieg. Der Kampf ist eine Art Gemeinschaftsvergngen" - "A film about the love of war. Battle is a kind of shared pleasure". As a contemporary critic wrote, "Sheer enthusiasm transfigures the danger.... For [the dashing leader of the Bull's Squadron], ... fight is like intoxication, while for the squadron's captain of the 'cavaliers,' ... it is the elixir of life; for the captain of the Ninth, ... it is spirit, distance, concentration."Dr. Gnther Sawatzki, quoted in translation in Giesen, pp. 79, 81. Howard K. Smith wrote more disapprovingly in 'Last Train from Berlin': "It was a ... film about a bunch of obstreperous adolescents who dive-bombed things and people. They bombed everything and everybody. That was all the whole film was".Hull, p. 188.Michael Paris, 'From the Wright Brothers to 'Top Gun': Aviation, Nationalism, and Popular Cinema', Manchester/New York: Manchester University, 1995, , [https://books.google.com/books?id=gdlRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151&dq=Stukas+%28film%29&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WTSPUOe_D-r6igKgnYCwDA&sqi=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Stukas%20%28film%29&f=false p. 151]. The film emphasises "comradeship and self sacrifice";Welch, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UEQJAcyUoIgC&q=We+then+see+the+young+Aryan+pilots+assembled+in+their+Stukas#v=snippet&q=We%20then%20see%20the%20young%20Aryan%20pilots%20assembled%20in%20their%20Stukas&f=false p. 214]. we are shown the young pilots learning to deal with comrades' deaths for the greater good.Rickels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zuEwRnTk3YcC&pg=PA158&dq=Stukas+%28film%29&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WTSPUOe_D-r6igKgnYCwDA&sqi=2&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=if%20a%20mother%20can%20take%20her%20son%27s%20death%20so%20well%2C%20then%20they%20too%20can%20learn&f=false pp. 157–58]. As one character says to another, "[A man] doesn't really think about his comrades' death any more, only about what they died for".Leiser, p. 32. Like other Nazi war films, it makes heavy use of song; in a famous scene at the end, the squadron leader informs his pilots of their new mission against England and its dangers, we then see them seated in their aircraft, and the camera zooms in on their faces and then cuts to the clouds as they begin "ecstatic[ally]" to sing the "Stukaslied":
Always prepared and ready to attack
We the Stukas, Stukas, Stukas.
We dive from the sky
We advance on—to defeat England!Giesen, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qGlZAAAAMAAJ&q=Giesen,+%22always+prepared+and+ready+to+attack%22&dq=Giesen,+%22always+prepared+and+ready+to+attack%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RaOOUL_yJ-jKiwLB0YG4Ag&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA 82–84], with the German and a somewhat different translation.
The squadron members represent a range of types and backgrounds,Leiser, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1M1ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Erwin+Leiser,+Nazi+Cinema+Stukas&dq=Erwin+Leiser,+Nazi+Cinema+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oP-TUK3DAoqUiQKcnoHICw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA p. 63]. from various different parts of the Reich, shown united; additionally, in the flying scenes the pilots' faces are photographed with a metallic greyish cast to suggest how they have become one with their aeroplanes.Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Die%20Flieger%20sind%20in%20den%20Flugszenen%20mit%20einem%20metallisch%20wirkenden%2C%20gl%C3%A4nzenden%20Grau%20der%20Gesichter%20&f=false pp. 363–64].
Production and release
'Stukas' was an officially commissioned film ('Staatsauftragsfilm').Giesen, p. 223. Like all Ritter's films, it was meticulously prepared using storyboards in advance of shooting. (The storyboards survive and include a sequence not present in the film, entitled "dream dance".)Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=vorbereitetes%20Produkt&f=false p. 349]. Shooting took place at UFA in Babelsberg and around Berlin between 18 November 1940 and mid-February 1941. As in Ritter's previous film, 'ber alles in der Welt', miniatures and process photography were by Gerhard Huttula.Giesen, pp. 78–79, 222. In order to show the Junkers 87 in as many of its combat applications as possible, documentary footage was included. (Documentary footage from the wartime Bayreuth Festival, attended by large numbers of convalescing servicemen, was also used.) The film was approved for release on 25 June 1941 and premired on 27 June at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo in Berlin.
Reception
'Stukas' was awarded four 'Prdikate' (distinctions) by the Ministry of Propaganda: Political Value ('staatspolitisch wertvoll'); Artistic Value ('knstlerisch wertvoll'); Volk Value ('volkstmlich wertvoll') and Value to Youth ('Jugendwert').David Welch, 'Propaganda and the German Cinema: 1933–1945', Oxford: Oxford University/Clarendon, 1983, , p. 323.[https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Stukas%20erhielt%20die%20Pr%C3%A4dikate&f=false p. 356]. Although it failed to achieve higher distinctions, it was praised for economical characterisation of the different airmen, excellence in casting and acting, and successful evocation of "[s]heer enthusiasm transfigur[ing] the danger ... faith tak[ing] away the fright of death."Sawatzki, quoted in translation in Giesen, pp. 79–81. Smith, on the other hand, dismissed it as "monotonous", and modern critics regard it as a poor film, completely lacking in "elegance"; the non-combat sequences include a rowdy humour that was characteristic of the director's work, and David Stewart Hull in his 1969 overview of Nazi cinema summed it up as "[having] all his worst vices: blatant propaganda, slapdash production values, crude editing, and a terrible script." In his view, the final scene was "one of the silliest pieces of misguided propaganda ever conceived by the human mind".Hull, p. 189. Wolf Donner, in an essay published in 1995, described the ending as "absurd operetta of war".Donner, p. 106. Rainer Rother's assessment in his essay on the film, published in 2003, was that the episodic structure and avoidance of depiction of deaths have a dramatically flattening effect so that "the experience of war [as depicted in the film] virtually oscillates between a camping trip and symbiosis with the [plane]." Despite the edict banning criticism and replacing it with reportage, even some contemporary reviewers noted the fast-paced and episodic nature of the film. One questioned the narrative logic of the Bayreuth cure. Another spoke of "almost violent impetuosity" and a third noted that the action was "steeped in the soldierly, often filled to bursting point".Rother, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdoNMN9NIC&pg=PA349&dq=Krieg+und+Milit%C3%A4r+im+Film+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+Rother+Stukas&hl=en&sa=X&ei=e16NUPqOPKX4igKyr4D4CQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mit%20einem%20fast%20gewaltt%C3%A4tigen&f=false p. 361 and note 52]. On the other hand Erhard Schtz, in a piece published in 2008, regarded the structural focus on attack sequences as "the film present[ing] itself as an experience of audiovisual intoxication with suggestively intensified repetition."Erhard Schtz, "'When Everything Falls to Pieces'—Rubble in German Films before the Rubble Films", in 'German Postwar Films: Life and Love in the Ruins', ed. Wilfried Wilms and William Rasch, Studies in European Culture and History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, , pp. 7–25, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lHUMiVVIsccC&pg=PA13&dq=Stukas+%28film%29&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WTSPUOe_D-r6igKgnYCwDA&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=audiovisual%20intoxication&f=false p. 13].
The film was a success with the public, grossing 3.18 million RM in the seven months prior to January 1942 on costs of 1,961,000 RM. The declining fortunes of the Luftwaffe made it "the last major [Nazi] aviation film".Paris, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gdlRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151&dq=Stukas+%28film%29&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WTSPUOe_D-r6igKgnYCwDA&sqi=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%20last%20major%20aviation%20film&f=false p. 152].
'Stukas' is classified by the Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation as a 'Vorbehaltsfilm' (controlled film), meaning that in Germany it may only be screened under specific conditions for educational purposes.
References
Further information
* "Hitler and the Wagner Clan", 'Wagner—Forging the Ring', BBC Four documentary, broadcast 9 March 2007: includes the Bayreuth episode with subtitles
* Daniel Gethmann. 'Das Narvik-Projekt: Film und Krieg'. Literatur und Wirklichkeit 29. Bonn: Bouvier, 1998. : extensive treatment of war films by Ritter and by Veit Harlan
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