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Our Lady of the Assassins (novel)
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Wikipedia article
'Our Lady of the Assassins' (Spanish title: 'La virgen de los sicarios') is a semi-autobiographical novel by the Colombian writer Fernando Vallejo about an author in his fifties who returns to his hometown of Medelln after 30 years of absence to find himself trapped in an atmosphere of violence and murder caused by drug cartel warfare. The novel was later adapted into a film that received different international recognitions like the Award of the Italian Senate, the Venice Film Festival (2000) as the best Latin American film and the La Habana International Festival 'Nuevo Cine' (2000).Colarte: [http://www.colarte.com/colarte/titulo.asp?idtitulo=944&iconografia=true La virgen de los sicarios, pelcula a largometraje] , in Spanish. Link retrieved on 28 November 2008.
A growing body of scholarship and critical commentary already exist about this controversial work, most of it in Spanish. The brief sections below attempt to give the reader a basic understanding of some main approaches to what undoubtedly is a central work in Colombian fiction of the 1990s. An elaborated and discussed fictional work dealing with events related to the drug trade and its deleterious consequences in Colombian society.
'Notice': 'Any text from the novel in this article is a free translation by Wikipedians, and should not be considered official. The novel was formally translated into English in 2001.'
Synopsis
A writer named Fernando returns to Medelln, after an absence of 30 years, to find the place transformed into Colombia's "capital of hate." Fernando meets Alexis, a 16-year-old male prostitute and sicario - a contract killer - with whom he falls in love. Alexis needs no reason to kill: like an Angel of Death he opens fire on anybody who rubs him the wrong way. Fernando and Alexis are bound by an intense passion as they wander from church to church, murder to murder. Alexis explains the meanings and symbols of the dangerous world of Medelln guns, while the author recounts his childhood memories in a Medelln that is no longer the one he once knew. When Alexis is finally killed by two teenagers on a motorbike, Fernando seeks out his killer.
He finds Wilmar, another sicario with a surprising resemblance to the late Alexis, not only physically but also in his behaviour. Attempting to recapture his old life with Alexis, he soon finds out that he has started a relationship with the killer of Alexis, but chooses not to kill him as Wilmar explains that Alexis had killed his brother. Fernando asks Wilmar to leave the country with him. The boy agrees, but while visiting his mother to say goodbye, he too is shot and killed. Fernando winds up alone in the middle of a city where love seems impossible.
Historical context
The geographic context of the novel is the city of Medelln (Colombia) during the 1990s, a difficult time for Colombian society, when mafias declared a terrorist war against the State and Colombian institutions, led by the infamous Pablo Escobar Gaviria. The second largest Colombian city was the main scene where the mafias wanted to dominate the nation by terrorists attacks, using very young killers from the slums, who were known as 'sicarios'.
Vallejo illustrates in his work the emergence of new social groups emerging from the problem of drugs. The 'sicarios' (hired assassins) are the result of that tension. Most of them were boys ready to kill for money, the same offered by the criminal organizations, to exterminate those who would dare to challenge the power of the mafias or put in danger their business. If authorities would not accept their corruption activities, the mafias resorted to sending a young assassin ('el sicario'). Normally, the 'sicario' kills from a motorbike. Paradoxically, Colombian mafias keeps a great Catholic devotion and honor traditions like the one of Mary Help of Christians. This Marian devotion is very popular among the poor population of the city. The 'sicarios' show great respect to Mary and pray to her for protection in their work of killing (She is the 'Virgen of the Sicarios'.)
The mafias also gained the appreciation of the Medelln slums doing for them what several governments did not do for years. Pablo Escobar provided numerous things to impoverished neighborhoods, including housing, sport areas, electricity and schools, a factor that gave more popular power to the mafias, who were praised as heroes of the people. Boys (in many cases also girls), were willing to work for such popular benefactors, even killing whomever. The mafias played on social inequalities to guarantee their influence.
After the death of Pablo Escobar on 2 December 1993, by a special unit of the National Police of Colombia, the Medelln Cartel went through an organizational crisis and the 'sicarios' formed gun groups in the barrios. They began to dispute urban territories. The situation worsened when Colombian guerrillas infiltrated the cities trying to bring their war, traditionally in the countrysides, to the main urban centers. A real civil war happened in the 1990s' Medelln.
The story of Fernando, Alexis and Wilmar happens after the death of Pablo Escobar. The two boys are part of an army of killers without a strong capo. Without jobs, the boys wander the city, making it a dangerous place and killing whomever they consider dangerous for their own safety. Male prostitution became an option too. Alexis lives in Barrio Santo Domingo and Wilmar in Barrio La Francia, two slum quarters of the North of Medelln.
Themes
Urban violence
Urban violence, common to many other Latin American cities with the same social roots and political conflicts, is the central theme of the novel. In Colombia, violence has been historically associated with the countryside, but during the second part of the 20th century it came to the cities due to the growth of drug cartels, which imposed their rules of violence and corruption.
Medelln, the old industrialist center, became the main headquarter of the powerful mafia cartel of Pablo Escobar. He changed the textile city into one of the most violent of Latin America for that time.DURN, Cecilia (2007): "[http://www.lajornadajalisco.com.mx/2007/11/21/index.php?section=cultura&article=009n1cul Educacin y cultura ciudadana, base para abatir los ndices de violencia en Medelln]" (Education and Culture, bases to fight the high numbers of violence in Medelln), in 'La Jornada', Jalisco, Mexico, in Spanish. Link retrieved on 27 November 2008. Pablo Escobar was shot down in 1993. In the period 1992 - 2002 the city registered 42,393 murders.JIMNEZ MORALES, German (2007): "[http://www.elcolombiano.com/proyectos/serieselcolombiano/textos/conflicto_urbano/mayo5_6/mapa.htm Violencia en Medelln equivale a borrar del mapa un municipio]" (Violence in Medelln is like delete a whole town), in 'El Colombiano' Newspaper, link retrieved on 27 November 2008. In Spanish.
Hired killers
The Colombian mafias and especially the Medelln Cartel imposed a modality of crime with the hired killers ('sicarios' in Spanish) to murder political opponents or any authority that could put in danger their dirty business. What became astonishing was that the mafias were contracting teenagers from the slums of the big cities. Boys from marginalized barrios (and many cases also girls), became killing machines ready to murder for the service of the mafias. Pablo Escobar, in the middle of his war against the Colombian authorities in the 1990s, offered three to five million pesos (about US$5,280 y 8,800 of 1990 currency) to anybody who would kill an official of the Police. About 300 policemen were killed in Medelln by 'sicarios' willing to get paid by the mafias."Escobar sigue vivo en Colombia... y en su finca" ([http://www.elmundo.es/magazine/2003/219/1070639147.html Escobar stills alive in Colombia... and in his farm]). El Mundo Newspaper, Madrid, Spain, 7 December 2003. Link retrieved on 27 November 2008. Cite: "Andrs tambin asesin policas para cobrar los tres o cinco millones de pesos que pagaba el patrn como recompensa por cada agente cado. La cifra dependa del humor con que se levantara. Logr que segaran la vida de ms de 300 soldados y policas." (en trans.: "Andrs murdered also policemen to claim the three to five million pesos that the boss used to pay as a reward for every fall official. The amount depended on the mood of his day. He got that they finished the life of more than 300 soldiers and policemen.")
Medelln
The other central theme of the novel is the city of Medelln as the backdrop for the urban violence and young hired killers. Medelln as the birthplace of several writers has been the space for many other literary and documentary works of authors like Toms Carrasquilla, Fernando Gonzlez, Porfirio Barba Jacob, Manuel Meja Vallejo, Gonzalo Arango, Len de Greiff and many others. It is a city of a rigid and conservative Catholic tradition and one of the most important industrial and business centers of Colombia. It came into a social crisis at the end of the 20th century due to the emergence of the mafias. The reasons why an entrepreneurial urban center and the leader of the national economy during the 1950s and 1960s began to overflow with violence is a complex sociological matter that involves society, politics and the culture of contemporary Colombia. The work of Vallejo put in evidence a nostalgia for the lost role of a city dominated by the social chaos and far from the presence of the State. About this the author says:
Homosexuality
The other theme is homosexuality. It is discussed in an open and natural way in a country where it is a taboo. Even if it appears as a secondary theme, because violence and sicarios are the main subjects, homosexuality in the novel calls strongly the attention of the reader. After all, an adult man has relationships with two male teenagers, who contrast their sexual preferences with the strong and male world of crime and guns. The website for education of Chile says to this regard:
In the novel, homosexuality is not insinuated or suggested with malice, but it is a natural part of the context of the work. The other characters around do not see to it with a kind of scandal or surprise, but as something natural. The theme is introduced in the novel like this:
Popular religiosity
, main center for the devotion of Mary Help of Christians in Metropolitan Medelln. The place became a center of pilgrimage for the mafia and its sicarios. It is described in the novel.
Colombia is a country of a deep Catholicism mixed with strong tendencies of popular religiosity, which was born out of Spanish traditions in the Middle Ages, the ancestral beliefs of Afro-Americans and the American aborigines. Their ancestral beliefs were hidden in devotion to the saints. Popular religiosity appears as an alternative manifestation to the official religion as a way for people to seek their own relationships with the divine, out of vertical structures of power. Even if the official religion tries to integrate popular religiosity, popular religiosity holds its own freedom, separated from norms and doctrines and assumed especially by a marginalized and suffered group of peoples.MSc. Ofelia Prez Cruz, Department of Studies for Social-Religiosity, Center of Psychology and Sociology Investigations, La Habana, Cuba. Essay "[http://www.cultinfobooks.com/infoserv_events/2005/madrid/abstracts/perez_ofelia_reevangelizacioncatolica_abs.htm The Popular Religiosity on the Crossroads. Catholic Re-Evangelizing and Plural Religiosity (in Spanish)] "
In Medelln, one of the most Catholic and conservative regions of the country, the popular religiosity got an unusual tone when it mixed with the urban violence and hired killers. One of the most popular devotions is the one to Mary Help of Christians, the one that inspired the title of the novel. The Sanctuary of Sabaneta (Santa Ana Church), became the site of pilgrimage for the mafia and its sicarios.
This Greek-Latin devotion became popular during the Middle Age when the Christian Europe gathered to defend itself from the Muslim invasions of the Ottoman Empire in 1572. Pope Pius V asked the Christian world to pray to Mary under the advocation of 'Maria Auxilium Christianorum' to defeat the enemies of the Church. In this way, 'Mary Help of Christians' is a military devotion, a "(...) powerful Virgin, great and illustrious rampart of the Church, wonderful Help of Christians", one that is "terrible as an army drawn up in battle array". She is enough for protection, because "you alone overcome every error in the world; in anxieties, in struggles, in every difficulty defend us from the enemy" and we do not fear because "at the hour of our death receive our souls into paradise"."[http://mostholyrosary.org/entrustment_home_printable.html Invocation to our Lady], Composed by Saint John Bosco, Yearoftherosary.org, link retrieved on 29 November 2008."
This devotion fills the expectancies of a young sicario and he asked to 'Mara Auxiliadora', the Virgen of the sicarios, to free him from every "evil and danger". As it became a popular religiosity, there is not the figure of the priest. Fernando and Alexis visited several churches but in any they cannot find a priest to listen their anxieties. The sicario is the priest of his own religion. He wears scapulars with the image of the Virgin in his neck, his hands and feet to be protected at the time he will commit the murder.
For other sociologists, the Marian devotion of the young sicario is a cult to their mothers, 'la cucha' ("mom" in the local jargon of Medelln).Marta Ruiz. [http://mercury.websitewelcome.com/~imcom/index.php?documentos=12&pag=conferencias&id=&idioma=sp Covering of the young urban violence (in Spanish)]. Crimes against journalists, Immunity Project. Link retrieved on 28 November 2008. "We started to see that behind a serious matter of culture of the young violence, there was a culture that has a mixture of religious elements and cult to the mother (that after would inspire Our Lady of the Assassins.) And we saw that the means of communication were reinforcing the imaginary, when they made out of criminals, heroes". The theme was studied by the Medellian sociologist and journalist Alonso Salazar in his work 'No nacimos pa semilla', 1990, ("We were not born to be a seed"), the first author to follow a systematic study of the problems of the slums young people. He discovered a very strong matriarchal society with the absence of the figure of the male parent and the cult for the mother, the real one, who in the Medelln slums was in charge of the growing of the family. The figure of the Virgen, so strong and powerful, caring for a child, has a great influence on the boys who look for their best future and have in their minds the endures of their own mothers. When Fernando proposed to Wilmar to leave the country, the boy agreed, but he wanted to give something expensive to his mother before were to go abroad.
Literary technique
Language and tone
In the novel, the tone is expressed through the first-person narrative, as it is common in all of Vallejo's works:
According to critics, the decision of Vallejo of speak in first person breaks the most obstinate tradition of literature of using an omniscient narrator who knows everything and sees everything, the novelist who can cross with his eyes the walls and reads the thought.Elsy Rosas Crespo, "La virgen de los sicarios como extensin de la narrativa de la trasculturacin" (Our Lady of the Assassins as an extension of the narrative of interculturation.) Revista de estudios literarios. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 2003. Link retrained on 25 November 2008.
For the Colombian critic J.O. Melo, the work is written in an admirable style and sometimes poetic, where the jargon of the sicarios is mixed with local expressions and Antioquian terms in such a way that alternate among the cynicism and the sensibility, the moving and the aggressive.Melo, Jorge Orlando, "Presentacin de La Virgen de los Sicarios. Muerte y poesa en Medelln: la nueva novela de Fernando Vallejo" ([http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/educacion/melo/vallejo1.htm Presentation of Our Lady of the Assassins. Dead and Poetry in Medelln: The New Novel of Fernando Vallejo]. Biblioteca Luis ngel Arango. Retrieved on 24 November 2008.
Setting
Our Lady of the Assassins is an urban novel, set in Medelln. The characters travel throughout the city, from the slums to the more central spaces of the city. There is not a frontier to limit their wandering within the city, bringing behind them violence.
Medelln has been a recurrent setting for different works of literature and studies in Colombia since the beginning of its industrial revolution at the end of the 19th century with authors like Toms Carrasquilla, Len de Greiff, Fernando Gonzlez, Len de Greiff and Porfirio Barba Jacob, to the writers, journalists and film directors of the second half of the 20th century like Gonzalo Arango, Alonso Salazar, Vctor Gaviria and Fernando Vallejo. Through them, we can trace the development of a small town to an industrial city and the social crisis that surrounded the city at the end of the century.
In the novel, Vallejo sees two cities: that peaceful center that he remembers that he misses through Fernando (who is almost him) and the city of Alexis, the violent place he is seeing through the eyes and actions of the boy:
Characters
The main characters are three: Fernando, Alexis and Wilmar.
* 'Fernando': He is a mature homosexual writer who has been abroad for 30 years. He returns to his city and looks for a young man to travel through the city. They introduce Alexis to him at a party and, with him, he will know all the changes to his city.
* 'Alexis': A 16-year-old teenager. He lives in Barrio Santo Domingo Savio. He belongs to a gang of 'sicarios' that is at war with another gang from Barrio La Francia, in the same North-East districts of Medelln. He began a relationship with Fernando that is not only for sexual purposes but also to travel the city and share both their worlds. Alexis explained to him the world of sicarios, while the boy listens to his nostalgic remembrances. In one of their travels, two boys on a motorbike kill Alexis. In a certain way, Fernando is responsible because Alexis' gun is not at hand because of Fernando's suicide attempts. After the death of Alexis, Fernando gives some money to his mother.
* 'Wilmar': Another boy from the 'comunas', this time Barrio La Francia. He is also a sicario and belongs to a gang at war with Barrio Santo Domingo Savio gang. Fernando likes him because the boy bears a curious resemblance to Alexis, not only physically but also in his behavior. They continue to travel throughout the city, but Fernando is looking for Alexis' assassin. When a friend tells Fernando that Wilmar is the one who killed Alexis, Fernando wants to kill him. However, Fernando restrains himself when he learns that Alexis started the violence by killing Wilmar's brother. Fernando proposes to Wilmar that they leave the country together. The boy wants to say goodbye to his mother and offers her some gifts, but when he goes, he is also murdered. Fernando ends up alone in a city where love is not possible.
References
Notes
Bibliography
* 'In Spanish':
* MELO, Jorge Orlando (26 April 1994). Presentacin de La Virgen de los Sicarios. Muerte y poesa en Medelln: la nueva novela de Fernando Vallejo. Bogot: Biblioteca Luis ngel Arango.
* SOLANILLA, Csar Valencia (Julio de 2001). La virgen de los sicarios: El sagrado infierno de Fernando Vallejo. Pereira: Universidad Tecnolgica de Pereira.
* VALLEJO, Fernando (1994). La virgen de los sicarios. Bogot: Alfaguara.
* VALLEJO, Fernando. Our Lady of the Assassins. English Translation. Serpent's Tail London.
Category:1994 novels
Category:Colombian novels
Category:Novels about ephebophilia
Category:Novels with gay themes
Category:Novels about writers
Category:Novels set in Colombia
Category:1990s LGBT novels
Category:Works about Colombian drug cartels
Category:Alfaguara books
Category:LGBT literature in Colombia
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