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Naomi (novel)
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Wikipedia article
is a novel by Japanese author Jun'ichir Tanizaki (18861965). Writing of the novel began in 1924, and from March to June, published the first several chapters of the serial. Four months later, the periodical started to publish the remaining chapters. The novel was first published in book form, by Kaizosha, in 1925.
Narrated in the first person by the protagonist, a salaryman named Jji, the novel follows his attempt to groom a Eurasian-looking girl, the eponymous Naomi, to be a Westernized woman. 'Naomi' is a significant work in its comic depiction of Japanese culture of the era and its fascination with the West. The clash between older and newer generations over the more progressive depictions of women, such as Naomi, has been viewed as a clash over Japan's transition into the modern period.
Plot summary
'Naomi's story is focused around a man's obsession for a 'modan garu' or modern girl. The narrator, Jji, is a well-educated Japanese man who is an electrical engineer in the city, and comes from a wealthy farming family. Jji wishes to break away from his traditional Japanese culture, and becomes immersed in the new Westernized culture which was taking root in Japan. The physical representation of everything Western is embodied in a girl named Naomi. Jji sees Naomi for the first time in a caf and instantly falls for her exotic "Eurasian" looks, Western-sounding name, and (to him) sophisticated mannerisms. Like the story of the prepubescent Murasaki in the classic novel 'The Tale of Genji', Jji decides he will raise Naomi, a fifteen-year-old caf hostess, to be his perfect woman: in this case, he will forge her into a glamorous Western-style girl like Mary Pickford, the famous Canadian actress of the silent film era, whom he thinks Naomi resembles.
Jji moves Naomi into his home and begins his efforts to make her a perfect Western wife. She turns out to be a very willing pupil. He pays for her English-language lessons, and though she has little skill with grammar, she possesses beautiful pronunciation. He funds her Westernized activities, including her love of movies, dancing and magazines. During the early part of the novel Jji makes no sexual advances on Naomi, preferring instead to groom her according to his desires and observe her from a distance. However, his plan to foster Western ideals such as independence in her backfires dramatically as she gets older.
Jji begins the novel being the dominator. However, as time progresses and his obsession takes hold, Naomi's manipulation puts her in a position of power over him. Slowly Jji turns power over to Naomi, conceding to everything she desires. He buys a new house for them, and though they are married, Jji sleeps in a separate bedroom, while Naomi entertains Western men in another room. The book ends with Naomi having complete control of Jji's life, though he claims he is satisfied as long as his obsession with her is satiated.
Main characters
* 'Jji' The narrator and protagonist: a well-educated 28-year-old man from a wealthy landlord family. He wishes to break from tradition and moves to the city to work as an electrical engineer. He meets Naomi when she is 15, and takes her under his wing to educate her. He becomes obsessed with her and gives her everything she desires. Later he marries Naomi and allows himself to be dominated by her.
* 'Naomi' The antagonist: a beautiful girl with Western-like features, including her name. She is uneducated but seems to embody Western culture, albeit in a superficial way. Naomi enjoys Western activities like going to movies and looking at the pictures in Western magazines. She is the perfect example of a modern girl ("moga," short for "modern girl") ('garu') with few inhibitions, and she is sexually aggressive. Naomi is extremely manipulative and manages to take control of her relationship with Jji, beginning as a subordinate and becoming a dominatrix.
Background
Before Jun'ichir Tanizaki wrote 'Naomi', he lived in Yokohama, a city near to Tokyo and full of Western influences. He was forced to move after 1923 Great Kant earthquake devastated much of Tokyo and Yokohama. The earthquake caused extensive damage, and many occupants of Tokyo and other major cities had to relocate. Tanizaki moved to Kyoto, where he spent much of the rest of his life writing works of fiction. In 1949 Tanizaki won the Imperial Cultural Prize, the highest honor awarded to artists in Japan, for his various works of literature. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for his lifetime achievements before his death in 1965.
Tanizaki wrote 'Naomi' in his late 30s, during the Japanese Industrial Revolution when Western influences took root in Japan, continuing the trajectory of the Meiji period, when Western ideas were first introduced. During this time Japan was transitioning from an unindustrialized nation to an industrialized, economic super-power. The novel reflects the perspective of a man shifting between modern and traditional Japan, and the conflicts associated with the era.
According to Anthony H. Chambers, in his Introduction to his translation of the book, the character Naomi was based upon Tanizaki's sister-in-law, who had learned to dance from a Western friend and who inspired his own interest in dancing.
During the teens and twenties, a woman's role in society was drastically changing. In the early stages of the Meiji Restoration, women were limited to working in textile factories. These factories provided dormitories for the workers, who sent back their wages to their families in the countryside. However, during the teens and twenties, women started to take on other jobs as more population moved into the cities. The shift from country living to modern urban living, along with a growing adoption of Western culture, created a new niche in society for women. The arrival of Western fashion and cosmetics spawned numerous job opportunities. Women became sales associates in department stores, or worked in service related jobs (in Naomis case as a caf waitress). This transition from country to city allowed many women to become independent of their families and employers. The act of these women beginning to choose their own men created more shock than their career independence. They lived on their own without being a subordinate to any men (including fathers and husbands). Tanizaki's character Naomi, a 15-year-old girl living in the city, is a perfect example of this new class of women. Culture critics picked up Tanizaki's term 'modan garu', from the English "modern girl", to describe this new class of women. "Modern girls" can be described as being independent, not bound by traditions or conventions, lacking Japanese grace but having tons of vitality, and holding apolitical views (not caring about women's suffrage).
In the first chapter, the name "Naomi" is written with three Chinese characters; since it sounds like a Western name, Jji chooses to write her name in katakana, the Japanese syllabary used for writing out and sounding out foreign words.
Irony occurs when readers learn that although Joji's knowledge of English grammar is excellent, his accent prevents him from truly mastering English. Conversely, Naomi pronounces English very well, but cannot string together a correct sentence. Naomi also loves superficiality and is passionate about Western theatre and culture. An example of how Naomi loves Western culture but does not truly belong is her purchases of Western magazines, despite being able only to look at the pictures, because of her inability to read English. Tanizaki portrays the traditional Japanese man being seduced by the siren's song of Western culture only to be trapped by it.Fowler; pp. 117
Tanizaki's writing is applauded by literary critics for his ability to turn a glum caf waitress with Eurasian features into a manipulative succubus. He shows the irony of both sexual and cultural conquest, and sums it up in the opening paragraph of his book: "As Japan grows increasingly cosmopolitan, Japanese and foreigners are eagerly mingling with one another; all sorts of new doctrines and philosophies are being introduced; and both men and women are adopting up-to-date Western fashions."
Controversy
'Naomi' met with controversy upon its publication. When 'Osaka Morning News' published it in 1924, opposing reactions to the novel arose from two different demographics. The younger generation embraced the 'modan garu' lifestyle embodied by Naomi, who provided a role model for independent young women in Japan's cities. On the other hand, the character's aggressive sexuality and manipulation shocked the older generation of Japanese, who deemed the story too obscene and risqu to be published. The 'Osaka Morning News' pulled the story due to extensive pressure put on them by their readers. Because of the popularity of the story, however, the magazine 'Josei' picked up the story from Tanizaki and published the remaining parts of the novel.
Cultural impact
The release of 'Naomi' aroused young women of the time to engage in a cultural revolution. There was a boom of 'moga'; working-class women who work and choose men for themselves, not for the sake of their families. Traditionally, girls who wished to work lived in factory dormitories and send their wages home to their family. 'Mogas' worked to maintain their fashionable lifestyle, living in the city and being independent. They were a hot topic in 1920s Japan. The media would discuss their characteristics, characterizing them in various ways; one media group suggested that modern girls were independent, non-traditional girls; another suggested that modern girls spoke more like men. All groups agreed modern girls were very Westernized women who refused to recognize gender and class boundaries. The modern girls movement in Japan was strikingly similar to the flapper movement in the United States in the same period.
The other class explicitly shown in 'Naomi' is the middle management, white-collar-class males. In the story, Jji is known to be a skilled, educated worker from a well-off rural family. He is the embodiment of a new class of Japanese salarymen. After the Meiji Restoration, the educated males moved into the cities to attend universities and become white-collar business workers as opposed to the farmers, artisans, and merchants of the past. Jji is unusual because he belongs to upper-level management. In the novel, he seldom works hard, only going into the office for a few hours each day. In contrast, the average salaryman works long working hours with little prestige, and with little hope of climbing the corporate hierarchy.
The novel also depicts the contrast between the naive country bumpkin (in this novel, Jji) and the slick city dweller (Naomi), a common phenomenon in Japanese society and literature of the twentieth century.
The pen name Namio Harukawa was formed from an anagram of "Naomi", a reference to the novel, and the last name of actress Masumi Harukawa.
Film adaptations
'Naomi' has been adapted for the cinema several times, a notable example being Yasuzo Masumuras adaptation of 'Chijin no Ai' ('A Fool's Love') in 1967.
*Chijin no Ai (Directed by Yasuzo Masumura, Release date September 29, 1967)
* Michiyo kusu: Naomi
* Shichi Ozawa : George Kawai
* Masakazu Tamura : Nobuo Hamada
* Isao Kuraishi : Seitar Kumagaya
* Sachiko Murase : Sumie
* Asao Uchida : Hanamura
* Noriko Hodaka : Yasuko Hanamura
Publication history
* 1924, Japan, 'Osaka Morning News', March 1924, serialization (first half)
* 1924, Japan, 'Female' magazine, 1924, serialization (second half)
* 1925, Japan, Kaizsha hardcover
* 1947, Japan, Shinchsha , November 1947, paperback
* 1952, Japan, Kadokawa Shoten , January 1952, paperback
* 1985, Japan, Chkron Shinsha , January 1985, paperback
* 1985, United States, tr. by Anthony H. Chambers, Knopf , September 12, 1985, hardcover
* 2001, England, Vintage Books , April 10, 2001, paperback
References
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