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Thrse Raquin
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Wikipedia article
'Thrse Raquin' is an 1868 novel by French writer mile Zola, first published in serial form in the literary magazine 'L'Artiste' in 1867. It was Zola's third novel, though the first to earn wide fame. The novel's adultery and murder were considered scandalous and famously described as "putrid" in a review in the newspaper 'Le Figaro'.
'Thrse Raquin' tells the story of a young woman, unhappily married to her first cousin by an overbearing aunt, who may seem to be well-intentioned but in many ways is deeply selfish. Thrse's husband, Camille, is sickly and egocentric and when the opportunity arises, Thrse enters into a turbulent and sordidly passionate affair with one of Camille's friends, Laurent.
In his preface, Zola explains that his goal in this novel was to "study temperaments and not characters".Zola, mile. "Prface de la deuxime dition." 'Thrse Raquin'. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1997. Because of this detached and scientific approach, 'Thrse Raquin' is considered an example of naturalism.
'Thrse Raquin' was first adapted for the stage as an 1873 play written by Zola himself. It has since then been adapted numerous times as films, TV mini-series, musicals and an opera, among others.
Plot summary
Thrse Raquin is the daughter of a French sea-captain and an Algerian mother. After her mother's death, her father takes her to live with her aunt, Madame Raquin, and Camille, her valetudinarian son. Because her son is "so ill", Madame Raquin dotes on him to the point of spoiling him, and he is very selfish. Camille and Thrse grow up side-by-side and Madame Raquin marries them to each other when Thrse turns 21. Shortly thereafter, Camille decides that the family should move to Paris so he can pursue a career.
Thrse and Madame Raquin set up shop in the Passage du Pont Neuf to support Camille while he searches for a job. He eventually starts working for the Orlans Railway Company, where he runs into a childhood friend, Laurent. Laurent visits the Raquins and, while painting a portrait of Camille, contemplates an affair with the lonely Thrse, mostly because he cannot afford prostitutes anymore.
It soon becomes a torrid love affair. They meet regularly and secretly in Thrse's room. After some time, Laurent's boss no longer allows him to leave early, so the lovers must think of something new. Thrse comes up with the idea of killing Camille, and they become infatuated with the idea of being able to be together permanently while being married. It seems Camille is the only obstacle in this. They eventually drown him during a boat trip, though in defending himself Camille succeeds in biting Laurent on the neck. Madame Raquin is in shock after hearing of her son's disappearance. Everybody believes that the drowning was an accident and that the couple actually tried to save Camille. Laurent is still uncertain about whether Camille is truly dead and frequently visits the mortuary, which he persists in although it disturbs him, until he finally finds the dead body there. Thrse becomes far more nervous and has nightmares; the previously calm and centered Laurent also becomes nervous. Their feelings toward each other are greatly changing, but they still plot to marry without raising suspicion and therefore reap the rewards of their actions. Thrse acts very subdued around family and acquaintances and Laurent publicly shows great concern and care for her, so Michaud, one of the family's regular visitors, decides that Thrse should remarry and her ideal husband should be Laurent. They finally marry but they're haunted by the memory of the murder; Laurent's bite scar serves as a constant reminder for them both. They have hallucinations of the dead Camille in their bed every night, preventing them from touching each other and quickly driving them even more insane. They vacillate between trying desperately to rekindle their passion to get rid of the corpse hallucinations (and trying to 'heal' the bite scar), and despising each other. Laurent, previously an untalented artist, is suddenly struck with surprising talent and skill, but he can no longer paint a picture (even a landscape) which does not in some way resemble the dead man. Sickened by this, he gives up art. They must also tend Madame Raquin, who suffered a stroke after Camille's death. She suffers a second stroke and becomes completely paralyzed (except for her eyes), after which Thrse and Laurent accidentally reveal the murder in her presence during one of their many arguments.
Madame Raquin, previously blissfully happy, is now filled with rage, disgust and horror. During an evening game of dominoes with friends, Madame Raquin manages to move her finger with an extreme effort of will to trace words on the table: " ...". The complete sentence was intended to be "" (Thrse and Laurent killed Camille). At this point her strength gives out and the words are interpreted as "Thrse and Laurent look after me very well".
Thrse and Laurent find life together intolerable. Laurent has started beating Thrse, something she deliberately provokes in order to distract her from her life. Thrse has convinced herself that Madame Raquin has forgiven her and spends hours kissing her and praying at the disabled woman's feet. The couple argue almost constantly about Camille and who was responsible for his death, so they exist in an endless waking nightmare. They are being driven to rashly plot to murder each other. At the novel's climax, they're about to kill each other when each realizes the other's plan. They break down sobbing in silent agreement of what they should do next, and reflect on their miserable lives. After a final embrace, they commit suicide by taking poison supplied by Laurent, all in front of the hate-filled, watchful gaze of Madame Raquin.
Characters
* Thrse Raquin the eponymous protagonist, is the wife of Camille and the orphaned daughter of Madame Raquin's brother and an unknown African woman.
* Camille Raquin Thrse's husband and first cousin.
* Madame Raquin Camille's mother and Thrse's aunt. She works as a shopkeeper to support her family.
* Laurent a childhood friend and coworker of Camille who seduces Thrse.
* Michaud the police commissioner and friend of Madame Raquin
* Olivier Michaud's son who works at the police prefecture
* Suzanne Olivier's wife
* Grivet an elderly employee of the Orlans Railroad Company, where Camille works
* Franois the Raquins' cat
Themes
Punishment and imprisonment
Throughout the book there are references to chains, cages, tombs and pits. These contribute to the impression that Laurent and Thrse are in a state of remorse and are plagued by guilt. The book mentions how they are always clawing at the chains that bound them together. The shop that Thrse owns is compared to a tomb, where Thrse watches corpses walk by in the day.Temperaments
In his preface to the second edition, Zola writes that he intended to "study temperaments and not characters". To his main characters, he assigns various humors according to Galen's four temperaments: Thrse is melancholic, Laurent is sanguine, Camille is phlegmatic and Madame is choleric. For Zola, the interactions of these types of personalities could only have the result that plays out in his plot.Human beast
Also in his preface, Zola calls both Thrse and Laurent "human brutes" and the characters are often given animal tendencies. Zola would take up this idea again in his 'La Bte humaine' (1890).Literary significance and reception
'Thrse Raquin' is generally considered to be Zola's first major work. Upon its release in 1867, 'Thrse Raquin' was a commercial and artistic success for Zola; this led to a reprint in book form in 1868. It gained additional publicity when critic Louis Ulbach (pen name: Ferragus) called 'Thrse Raquin' "putrid" in a long diatribe for 'Le Figaro'; Zola capitalized on this for publicity and referred to it in his preface to the second edition.Ferragus. "La littrature putride." 'Le Figaro', January 23, 1868.
Zola's book provided the clear inspiration for James M. Cain's 1934 novel 'The Postman Always Rings Twice', which has a similar plot.
Adaptations
Theatrical
Zola adapted the novel into a play, 'Thrse Raquin', first staged in 1873. It was not performed in London until 1891, under the auspices of the Independent Theatre Society, since the Lord Chamberlain's Office refused to license it.Stage productions of Zola's play include:
* 2006 for the Royal National Theatre, London, adaptation written by Nicholas Wright
* 2007 production of the Nicholas Wright adaptation by Quantum Theatre in Pittsburgh; staged in the empty swimming pool of the Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
* 2008 production at Riverside Studios, London, adaptation by Pauline McLynn
* 2009 production at Edinburgh Fringe Festival performed by pupils of the Cheltenham Ladies' College (adapted by Fiona Ross)
* 2014 production touring from Bath, adapted by Helen Edmundson
* 2014 production at Theatre Works, Melbourne, Australia; adapted and directed by Gary Abrahams
* 2015 Edmundson adaptation at the Roundabout Theater at Studio 54 (New York City)
* 2017 revival of the 2014 Gary Abrahams adaption touring Australia nationally
An opera based on the novel was written by the composer Michael Finnissy. Another opera, 'Thrse Raquin', by Tobias Picker, opened in 2000.
The novel was made into the Broadway musical 'Thou Shalt Not', with music by Harry Connick Jr.
The play 'The Artificial Jungle' by Charles Ludlam was an adaption of the novel, written in the hard-boiled crime style of James M. Cain.
Neal Bell adapted the novel into a play under the same title. It was first produced at New York University by Playwrights Horizons Theatre School on December 3, 1991, directed by Edward Elefterion, with Katie Bainbridge as the title role. Its first professional production was at the Williamstown Theatre Festival on June 30, 1993, directed by Michael Greif, with Lynn Hawley as Thrse. On July 10, 1994, Michael Greif, in conjunction with La Jolla Playhouse in California, put up the West Coast premiere with Paul Giamatti in the role of Camille. Its professional New York premiere was on October 27, 1997, at the Classic Stage Company, directed by David Esbjornson, with Elizabeth Marvel as Thrse. The Los Angeles premiere was directed by Charlie Stratton, with Leslie Hope as Thrse.Bell, Neal. 'Thrse Raquin'. New York: Broadway Play Publishing INC., 1998.
A 2014 UK musical, 'Thrse Raquin', with music by Craig Adams and book and lyrics by Nona Shepphard, featured Julie Atherton as Thrse, Tara Hugo as Madame, Jeremy Legat as Camille and Ben Lewis/Greg Barnett as Laurent. After a sold out run at The Finborough Theatre the Theatre Bench production transferred to Park Theatre in Finsbury Park and was nominated for a West End Frame award. A cast recording was released in 2015.
Film and television
Film and television adaptations of the novel include:* 'Thrse Raquin' (1915), Italian silent film, directed by Nino Martoglio
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1928), German film
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1950), BBC adaptation starring Sonia Dresdel as Thrse
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1953), with Simone Signoret
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1956), German TV movie
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1965) Swedish TV movie
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1966), German TV movie
* 'Teresa Raquin' (1977), Mexican TV series
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1979) Belgian TV movie
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1980), BBC series starring Kate Nelligan as Thrse, Brian Cox as Laurent, and Alan Rickman as Vidal (Laurent's artist friend, who is unnamed in the novel)
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1985), Italian miniseries
* 'Thirst' (2009), Korean horror film which borrowed a number of plot elements from 'Thrse Raquin'
* 'In Secret' (2013), American film starring Elizabeth Olsen as Thrse, Jessica Lange as Madame Raquin, Oscar Isaac as Laurent and Tom Felton as Camille; directed by Charlie Stratton
Radio
* 'Thrse Raquin' (1998), BBC Radio 4 radio adaptation starring Anna Massey as Thrse* 'Thrse Raquin' (2009), BBC Radio 4 "Classic Serial" adaptation in two parts starring Charlotte Riley as Thrse and Andrew Buchan as Laurent
Publication history
* 1867, France, Lacroix, December 1867, hardback
* 1887, Translation by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly
* 1962, Penguin Classics translation by L. W. Tancock
* 1992, Oxford World's Classics translation by Andrew Rothwell
* 1995, Penguin Classics translation by Robin Buss
* 2013, Vintage (Random House) translation by Adam Thorpe
References
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