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Iracema
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Wikipedia article
'Iracema' (in Portuguese: 'Iracema - A Lenda do Cear') is one of the three indigenous novels by Jos de Alencar. It was first published in 1865. The novel has been adapted into several films.
Plot introduction
The story revolves around the relationship between the Tabajara indigenous woman Iracema and the Portuguese colonist Martim, who was allied with the Tabajara nation's enemies, the Pitiguaras.
Through the novel, Alencar tries to remake the history of the Brazilian colonial state of Cear, with Moacir, the son of Iracema and Martim, as the first true Brazilian in Cear. This pure Brazilian is born from the love of the natural, innocence (Iracema), culture and knowledge (Martim), and also represents the mixture (miscegenation) of the native race with the European race to produce a new caboclo race.
Explanation of the novel's title
'Iracema' is Guarani language for 'honey-lips', from 'ira' - honey, and 'tembe' - lips. 'Tembe' changed to 'ceme', as in the word 'ceme iba', according to the author."Iracema" is also an anagram of "America", noted by critics as befitting the allegorization of colonization of America by Europeans, the novel's main theme.
Characters in Iracema
*Andira: Araqum's brother. Old warrior and hero of his people.
*Araqum: Iracema's father. Spiritual leader of the Tabajara's nation.
*Batuiret: Poti's grandfather
*Caubi: Iracema's brother
*Iracema: Araqum's daughter. She is the beautiful Tabajara woman with 'honey-lips' and dark hair.
*Irapu: The warrior leader of the Tabajara nation.
*Jacana: Poti's brother.
*Jatob: Poti's father. He is an important veteran warrior of the Pitiguara's nation.
*Martim: Portuguese colonist. Named in honor of Mars, the Roman god of war.
*Moacir: The child of Martim and Iracema.
*Poti: Martim's friend and the Pitiguara warrior who is brother of the Pitiguara leader.
Iracema and the Indianist novels
'Iracema', along with the novels 'O Guarani' and 'Ubirajara', portrays one of the stages of the formation of the Brazilian ethnic and cultural heritage. Iracema symbolizes the initial meeting between the white man (Europeans) and the natives.
"Moacir" means "Son of Pain", which is related to his birth, alone with his mother, who was abandoned by Martim for some time when he had to go and help the Potiguaras in a tribal war against the Tabajaras.
Awards and nominations
*There is a Brazilian stamp in honor of 'Iracema's centennial (1865/1965) and its author.
*There is a Brazilian painting by Antnio Parreiras.
*'Iracema' is cited in 'Manifesto Antropfago' ('Cannibal Manifesto'), which is published in 1928 by Oswald de Andrade
Adaptations
The novel was adapted in 1917 as a Brazilian silent film directed by Vittorio Capellaro and starring Iracema de Alencar, and in 1949 as a Brazilian film directed by Vittorio Cardineli and Gino Talamo, starring Ilka Soares. In 1956, Adoniran Barbosa composed the popular samba song "Iracema". The 1975 film 'Iracema: Uma Transa Amaznica' directed by Jorge Bodansky and Orlando Senna, which was screened at the International Critics' Week of the 1976 Cannes Film Festival.
Statues
At Fortaleza, Beira Mar, it has two Statues, representing the Figure, one at Coordinates 343'22.99"S, 3829'3.60"W, the other at Iracema Beach at Coordinates 343'14.04"S, 3830'34.43"W. This second, made by Zenon Barreto (1918-2002) was idealized in 1960, for 100th Anniversary years of writer, constructed in 1996, commemorative Iracema Beach Development, and destroyed on 3 May 2022, felt down by unknown reasons, probably due fatigue of Steel Structure inside the Fiberglass, painted outside in Ochre, windy hit frequency vibration stress corrosion internal resonance and weathering sea air.
References
*Alencar, Jos de. 'Iracema' (1865) Rio de Janeiro: B. L. Garnier. (in Portuguese)
*Alencar, Jos de. 'Iracema, the honey lips: a legend of Brasil' (1886) translated by Lady Isabel Burton. London: Bickers & Son.
*Alencar, Jos de. 'Iracema' (2000) translated by Clifford Landers. New York: Oxford University Press.
*Burns, E. Bradford. 'A Working Bibliography for the Study of Brazilian History' 'The Americas', Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jul., 1965), pp. 5488
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